The fuel cells models are presented in chapter 3 . based on the balance conditions in fuel cells stack , the dynamic performance is analyzed . the dynamic model is developed with a set of correlation equations of voltage , fuel utilization , current density and other variables involved in the operating course , which are some partial differential equations with variable coefficients 第三章以熔融碳酸盐燃料电池为例，以数值分析的方法，根据mcfc电堆发电过程中物质与电量平衡，分析了电堆的内部动态特性，就输出电压与燃料气体利用率和电流密度等相关量建立了由一组变系数偏微分方程和积分方程描述的数学模型。
The properties of cn thin films such as their morphology , component , crystal structure and the bonding structure and the relation between those properties and the gas - phase reaction parameters were discussed , showing that the deposition of p - c3n4 thin film is the compete result of various reaction processes in the dynamics balance conditions ; the process of cn films depo sition is diagnosed in situ through the optical emission spectra technique , , the effects of experimental parameters on the concentration of the precursors and the gas - phase reactions in the plasma have been obtained ; the main reaction precursors for film deposition identified ; the relation between the characteristics of cn thin films and the reaction process in the plasma is analyzed . the cn thin films deposition under different substrate temperatures in high pressure pe - pld shows that the si atom of the substrate has participated the cn films growth process , based on this the growth mode of cn thin films on the si substrate is proposed . the further experiment of cn thin films deposition on si substrate scratched by diamond as well as covered with fe catalyzer has been attempted , which indicates that changing the dynamics conditions of the surface reaction can alter the growth characteristic of the cn thin films and can enhance obviously the films growth rate 采用pld技术进行了碳氮化合物薄膜沉积，得到了含氮量为21at的cn薄膜；研究了衬底温度和反应气体压强对薄膜结构特性的影响，给出了cn薄膜中n含量较小、 sp ~ 3键合结构成分较少和薄膜中仅含有局域cn晶体的原因；引入脉冲辉光放电等离子体增强pld的气相反应，给出了提高薄膜晶态sp ~ 3键合结构成分和薄膜的含n量可行性途径；应用pe - cvd技术以ch _ 4 + n _ 2为反应气体并引入辅助气体h _ 2 ，得到了含n量为56at的晶态cn薄膜；探讨了cn薄膜形貌、成分、晶体结构、价键状态等特性及其与气体压强和放电电流的关系，证明了- c _ 3n _ 4薄膜沉积为满足动力学平衡条件的各种反应过程的竞争结果；采用光学发射谱技术对cn薄膜生长过程进行了实时诊断，得到了实验参量对等离子体中活性粒子相对浓度和气相反应过程的影响规律，给出了cn薄膜沉积的主要反应前驱物，揭示了cn薄膜特性和等离子体内反应过程之间的联系；采用高气压pe - pld技术研究了不同衬底温度条件下cn化合物薄膜的结构特性，揭示了si原子对薄膜生长过程的影响，给出了si基表面碳氮薄膜的生长模式；在金刚石研磨和催化剂fe处理的si衬底上进行cn薄膜沉积，证明了通过控制材料表面动力学条件可以改变碳氮薄膜结构特性，并可显著提高晶态碳氮材料的生长速率。
The paper mainly consider the followings : the performance parameter determination of cryopump , heat load determination and heat transfer of large cryopanel , reasonable distribution of heat load , the condition for construct steady flow in small vertical circle pipeline , balance condition for gas and liquid two - phase flow in the connection pipe between cryopanel and dewar , the safety of cryopump 文中探讨了低温泵性能参数的确定；大抽速低温抽气面的热负载的确定及合理分配；冷凝面上竖直圆管内受热建立稳定流动的条件；冷凝面与杜瓦间的连接管道内气液“双相流动”的平衡条件；低温泵系统运行的安全问题。
According to the character that the soil can endure the press than the tensile strength , the arching shape of the soil arch between piles has been regarded as the reasonable arch axes . by analyzing the mechanical balance condition of the arch , the transfer mechanism of the thrust has been gained . at the same time , the formula for computing the thrust acting on the pile has been gotten , and the present computing formula is just the special example of it 根据岩土体抗压性好、抗拉性差的特点，将桩间土拱的拱形视为合理拱轴线方程，通过分析土拱的力学平衡条件，得出桩间滑坡推力的传递模型，并由此得到抗滑桩上的滑坡推力计算公式，现有抗滑桩上滑坡推力的计算公式只是本文公式的特例。
But in fact , there are many windings on each leg of a balance transformer , and the winding impedance relationships that the balance condition requires are strict , so it is difficult to design and make such transformers . if adopting the connection scheme of dual windings , the windings on single leg will increase almost doubly . it is more difficult to satisfy the balance condition and probably it will confront conflict when arranging these windings , so parameters of various phases can not be balanced 事实上由于平衡变压器单柱绕组数目较多,若采用双重接线方案,则单柱绕组数目增加近一倍,满足平衡条件十分困难,甚至使得绕组在空间上的布置产生矛盾,无法达到各相参数平衡的要求,而“四相四心柱“结构的三相变四相电力变压器较好的解决了这一难题。
This paper describes the con - cept of udb , together with its advantages and disad - vantages , and demonstrates the formation damagemechanism during ubd , e . g . , the lack of filter cakeprotection , temporary over - balanced condition , pol - ishing effect and surface damage caused by frictionbetween bit and hole wall and poor cooling , and otherdamages , etc 介绍了欠平衡钻井的概念以及优点和缺点，阐述了欠平衡钻井对地层的损害机理为由于缺少起保护作用的滤饼，临时的超平衡造成对地层的损害；天然渗析效应；抛光、表面损害以及其它损害。
The papers analyzes network equilibrium and balance condition from establishing mathematical model , based on this , the papers summarizes and analyzes the evaluation way and the mechanism of the high - tech industry clusters , as well as the value chain extension of the high - tech industry cluster in the evolution process , then analyzes its evolution mechanism from establishing the model of the evolution way 论文建立数学模型来分析网络均衡和稳定条件,在此基础上,论文总结、分析了高新技术产业集群的演化路径和机理,以及高新技术产业在演化过程中价值链的延伸,并建立了演化路径模型,分析了其演化机理。
It is the simplest form among transformers in this kind . for evaluating the relationship between the error of winding impedance and the performance of the three - phase to four - phase power transformer , this paper uses “ matlab ” as a digital simulation platform to exam the mathematic model and analyze the balance condition as well as 因此,本文对不同排列方式,不同回数四相输电线路的电场、磁场、无线电干扰和可闻噪声进行了详细的分析和计算,并把它们与三相输电线路相应的电磁场参数进行了全面比较。
