产业集中度

• With the government adjusting the iron and steel enterprise ’ industrial concentration ratio , the middle and small - scale iron and steel enterprise will face the opportunities and challenges of surviving or being merged or reorganized . so , the middle and small - scale iron and steel enterprise must perfect continuously the internal management mechanism in order to increasing the enterprise ’ core competitiveness , which will lay on the good foundation for the enterprise surviving
  随着政府对钢铁企业产业集中度的调整,我国中小钢铁企业面临着生存与兼并重组的机遇和挑战,为此,中小钢铁企业必须从自身出发,不断完善企业的内部管理机制,以提高企业的核心竞争力,为企业的生存发展打下良好的基础。
• At the same time , we also should realize that chinese real estate market is immature and it does n ' t match to the real estate characteristic of scale - intensive and capital - intensive . capital has become the leading factor for the real estate enterprises to limit their development in the competition . chinese real estate enterprises have come into the times of the capital competition
  同时也应该认识到，我国房地产行业虽然经过了近20年的不断发展，但从整体上看我国房地产市场仍然不是一个成熟市场，产业集中度非常低，房地产企业持续开发和规模化运作的能力较弱，总体呈现出“小作坊”的特点，这与房地产规模型、资金密集型的行业特征不相适应。
• There is a positive correlativity among industrial concentration and enterprise market performance , which accord with conclusion of foreign industrial organization theory . the positive correlativity does n ' t represent threat of monopoly but represent the deficiency of scale of economy in china manufacture industry
  从我国制造业的实际情况来看，规模报酬递增是一个客观规律，大企业经营效率普遍优于中小企业，产业集中度与绩效存在显著的正相关关系，这与国外产业组织实证研究的结论是相同的。
• Till now , our retailing companies have been improved greatly . but facing furious competition of foreign retailing magnates , chinese retailing industry has obvious disparity , such as lower industry concentrating level , smaller corporation size , lower technical content , behindhand marketing concept . so they desiderate to enhance corporations " core competence
  随着wto后零售业的全面对外开放，与外资零售巨头相比，我国零售业存在着产业集中度低、企业规模小、科技含量低，营销理念滞后等明显差距，迫切呼唤先进的营销理念和经营手段来缩小差距，提高企业市场竞争力。
• After 1989 , the increase of demand slowed down and facing the complexion of low degree of industrial concentration of product market and financial strain of medi um and small - sized enterprises caused by the circulating trap of " credit squeeze - - - bad loan " , the advantageous enterprises " " wallow in money " , specifically , those listed companies that could finance from the stock market , began to take predatory pricing strategy in succession and tried to enlarge market share and obtain high return by squeezing medium and small - sized enterprises out of the market after 1998 , the vicious circle of deflation and " credit grudging " of banks in product and credit markets , overcapacity , the difficulty of retreating of loss - incurring enterprises in some industries from the market for institutional reasons and over - competition in some industries , led to the incessant decrease of enterprises " global income , persistent increase of rate of debts and constant rise of ratio of bad assets of banks , which further intensified the vicious circle of deflation and " credit grudging " of banks
  如在改革开放初期，在产品市场需求旺盛和信贷市场预算软约束的情况下，各类企业的最优决策就是采用高负债、高扩张的“负债的有限责任效应”策略来抢占市场并获得高回报； 1989年以后，需求增速开始放缓，面临产品市场产业集中度较低和信贷市场“信贷紧缩-不良贷款”循环陷阱导致的中小企业资金紧张的局面， “钱袋鼓鼓”的优势企业(尤其是那些可以通过股票市场融通资金的上市公司)纷纷采用掠夺性定价策略，试图通过把中小企业挤出市场来扩大市场份额并获得高收益； 1998年以后，产品市场和信贷市场形成了通货紧缩和银行“惜贷”恶性循环的状况。产品市场上部分行业生产能力严重过剩，且由于体制等原因导致亏损企业无法退出，因此这些行业中出现了过度竞争的现象，企业总体收益的不断下滑、负债率不断提高以及银行不良资产率的持续上升，又进一步加强了通货紧缩和银行“惜贷”的恶性循环。
• The article points out that our pharmaceutical enterprises should positively take part in merger and acquisition to enlarge enterprises scale and to centralize pharmaceutical production , in order that our enterprises can suit the changed situations and can meet head on pharmaceutical enterprises all over the world
  指出目前我国制药企业应积极地参入并购，迅速壮大企业规模、提高产业集中度，以便适应环境的变化，应对全球制药企业的挑战。并以文中的观点，基于产品战略对双鹤药业近年来的高速扩张给予了实例分析。
• The auto components and parts industry faces problems like being small in the manufacturing scale , weak in both the investment strength and the development innovation ability and low in the industry concentration degree . it requires us to set up correct development ideas , propel the development of the auto components and parts enterprises in china and fully build up the core competence of enterprises of this industry
  面对我国汽车零部件行业企业生产规模小、投资力度和开发创新能力弱、产业集中度低等问题，这就要求我们确立正确的发展思路，抓住机遇，迎接挑战，推动我国汽车零部件企业的战略实施，全面构筑企业的核心竞争力，促进我国零部件产业的发展，从而带动我国汽车产业的大跨越。
• Theoretical analysis applied game theory model and correlate analysis to verify conclusions about the influence of its variation on industrial concentration and product differentiation . conclusions of this paper : nominal tariff rates show negative correlations with industrial concentration whereas non - tariff barriers show positive correlations ; increase of non - tariff barriers will enlarge the differences between imported and native goods in a short period and the mentioned differences may be erased by technological advance made by import nations in a long time
  最终结论：名义关税税率变动与产业集中度变动呈现负相关关系；非关税壁垒变动与产业集中度变动呈现正相关关系；非关税壁垒的增高会在短期内加大进口品与国产品的差异程度；如果长期内非关税壁垒不发生变化，差异程度将趋于消失，消失的过程表现为出口国对技术壁垒的跨越和产品差异与国外的趋同。
• But under the increasing competition background of the medical industry , tonghua medical industry begins to enter into the important period of transition in which the competing power of the market should be enhanced quickly . the conflicts that the degree of concentration of this industry is not high and the scale effect is unconspicuous appear step by step , and many enterprises for pharmacy fall across questions of lack in developmental stamina
  但是,在医药行业竞争日益加剧的背景下,通化医药产业开始进入市场竞争力亟待提升的重要转折期,产业集中度不高、规模效应不明显的矛盾逐步显现,多数制药企业遇到发展后劲不足问题。
• Firstly , the concept of space resource industry is defined , its characteristics analyzed and impacts presented on national defense and security , economic development , science and technology progress and sustainable development . secondly , suggestions are put forward on the development mode of our space resource industry based on comparing the scales of industry , the concentration of industry , the intensity of research and development and the quantity of patent of our space resource industry with foreign countries " . the author also take industrialization , new industrialization theory , industry life cycle theory , industry policy theory and industry support policies into actual situation in china before presenting these suggestions
  首先,界定了空间资源产业的概念,分析出其特点,指明我国发展空间资源产业对于国家防务与国家安全、经济建设、科技进步、社会进步与可持续发展所具有的深远影响;其次,在对比分析国内外空间资源产业的产业规模、产业集中度、研发强度、专利数量的基础上,依据工业化及新型工业化理论、产业生命周期理论、产业政策理论及产业支持政策,并结合我国的现实情况,从人力、制度、技术、资金、风险、法律、基础设施等方面对我国空间资源产业的发展模式提出了若干建议;最后,以卫星导航产业为例进行了实证分析,针对我国卫星导航产业现存的问题,给出了解决的对策。