Studies on heteranthery could strengthen people ' s understanding about the relationship between plants and their pollinators , and provide new purviews and inspiration for pollination biology and plant breeding system research 对于异型雄蕊的研究可以加深人们对植物与其传粉者之间关系的理解，并为传粉生物学与植物繁育系统研究提供新的视角和启示。
Entomophily pollination by insects . various structures and mechanisms have evolved to attract insects ( e . g . showy petals and nectar ) and to insure that they carry pollen away on their bodies 虫媒：是植物通过昆虫进行传粉授粉的一种方式。虫媒植物有多种多样的结构和机制来吸引昆虫（如：美丽的花瓣和发达的蜜腺） ，以确保有昆虫到来携带并运载花粉。
Link ( calycanthaceae ) , is a deciduous shrub or small tree , and an endemic plant of china . compared with other species whose florescence is earlier than its , blooming in winter , c . praecox is special in its pollination time and process 蜡梅chimonanthuspraecox ( l . ) link为蜡梅科calycanthaceae蜡梅属植物，冬季开花，与绝大多数春季至秋季开花植物相比，其传粉时间和过程具有一定的特殊性。
Abstract : the information in the literature concerning the concept of heteranthery , the distribution of heteranthery in angiosperm , the function of heteranthery in pollinating processes , as well as stamen development are reviewed , and the prospects in heteranthery studies are also discussed 摘要就异型雄蕊的概念、在被子植物中的分布、在传粉过程中的作用及其发育进行了概述，并对未来的研究方向作一展望。
This investigation of the two species is mainly dealing with their morphological characters , population biology , pollination biology and molecular biology , based on the following methods such as section slides , sem , artificial pollination , rapd analysis and gravity glass slides . this study is intended to demonstrate the distribution patterns of the populations for the two species , the numerical and spatial characteristics of ecological difference , the biological characters of seeds , pollination mode and reproductive stratigies , and molecular genetics . in light of the results from this study , the reasons that resulted in the present dangerous situation for the two species were discussed , and the suggestions for protecting them were proposed 本研究以种群为单位，采用石蜡切片、扫描电镜、重力玻片、人工授粉、 rapd分析等方法，对两种植物的形态生物学、种群生物学、繁殖生物学和分子生物学等方面进行了详细研究，以揭示它们的种群分布类型及成因、种群生态环境差异的数量特征和空间特征、种子生物学特征、传粉和生殖策略以及种群分子遗传特征，进而探讨两物种濒危的成因和机制，并针对性地提出了科学合理的保护对策和建议。
( 4 ) fluorescent investigation shows that pollen started to germinate about 20 hours later after deposited on the stigmas , only 1 or 2 pollen tubes can penetrate ovary to micropylar end on the fifth day . callose plugs evenly formed in the pollen tube , and sometimes callus deposited randomly along pollen tube wall and even the whole tube wall . ( 5 ) 16 species of insects visited c . praecox in nanjing , belonging to hymenoptera , diptera , coleoptera , thysanoptera and spiders ( arachnoidea ) ; apis cerana cerana fabricius , aldrichina grahami ( aldrich ) , epistrophe balteata de gee , musca hervei villeneuve are its main efficient pollinators ( 5 )南京地区蜡梅的访问昆虫约16种，分属膜翅目hymenoptera 、双翅目diptera 、鞘翅目coleoptera ，缨翅目thysanoptera 、及蛛形纲arachnoidea ，主要传粉昆虫有4种：膜翅目蜜蜂科东方蜜蜂中华亚种apisceranaceranafabricius 、双翅目蝇科muscidae黑边家蝇muscaherveivillcneuve 、丽蝇科calliphoridae巨尾阿丽蝇aldrichinagrahami ( aldrich )及食蚜蝇科syrphidae黑带食蚜蝇epistrophebalteatadegeer ；亮叶蜡梅的访问昆虫约18种，分属鞘翅目coleoptera 、半翅目hemiptera 、缨翅目thysanoptera 、膜翅目hymenoptera 、双翅目diptera 、鳞翅目lepidoptera ，另外有蛛形纲arachnoidea的蜡橄ch俪ononthuspr口ecox ( l
Traditionally , pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen , so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used 传统上来讲，风媒传粉一直被看作是一个繁殖过程，它以随机事件为标志，在此过程中，风的奇怪行为被大量花粉的产生所补偿，因此，最终新种子的产生被保证，是依靠产生的花粉数量要大大超过实际的使用量。
The gene flow among the subpopulations of reawnuria soongorica ( mn = 1 . 1028 , nm > 1 ) was much less than that of the common anemophytes ( atm = 5 . 24 ) , so the species was in the critical state of genetic differentiation to some extent the results of amova showed that there were 61 . 58 % of the total genetic variations existing among the subpopulations , and 38 . 02 % within them 红砂亚种群间的基因流nm = 1 . 1028 ， nm 1但低于一般风媒传粉植物( nm = 5 . 24 )的基因流水平，处于分化的临界状态。 amova分析说明红砂种群变异的61 . 58存在于亚种群内，而亚种群间的变异占总变异的38 . 02 。
Traditionally , pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen , so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used 人们向来认为，风媒传粉是类似随机事件的繁殖过程：大量的花粉弥补了飘乎不定的风所造成的损失，远多于实际所需的花粉保证植物的种子能够最终发育完成。
This paper firstly focused on and evaluated the pollination characteristics of c . praecox , in half - natural habitat of nanjing . we investigated flowering phenology , flowering patten , pollen viability , stigma receptibility , species of visitors , visiting rate of visitors and their foraging behavior . and we also investigated its breeding system , including pollen - ovule ratio ( p / 0 ) , out - crossing index ( oci ) , pollen grains deposited in stigmas , pollen germination rate and seed set rate with different treatments , from 2002 to 2004 试验分别在2002 - 2003年和2003 - 2004年冬季进行，研究内容包括：花期物候观察、花部形态观察和统计、雌雄配子体功能测定、访问昆虫种类、访问行为、访花频率和效率；同时对蜡梅繁育系统进行了检测，检测内容包括花粉胚珠比( p / 0 ) 、杂交指数( oci )及不同处理花粉萌发率及结实率检测等等，同时还进行了蜡梅与亮叶蜡梅传粉过程比较。
