A soft tissue window scan shows a right hilar mass , subcarinal lymph node enlargement , and right pleural effusion typical of bronchogenic carcinoma 软组织窗（纵隔窗）可见右肺门肿块、隆突下淋巴结增大及右侧胸腔积液，为典型的支气管肺癌表现。
Objective to discuss the etiology , diagnosis , treatment , and prevention of pneumomediastinum or pneumothorax during the removal of bronchial foreign bodies in children 摘要目的：探讨小儿支气管异物取出术中纵隔气肿、气胸发生的原因、诊治及预防。
Methods 64 cases with non - thoracotraumatic pneumomediastinum were analysed retrospectively . the etiopathology , classification and surgical treatment of the disease were discussed 方法对64例非胸外伤性纵隔气肿进行了回顾性分析；对其发病机理，分类和外科治疗进行了讨论。
It is a rare spindle cell neoplasm that was initially reported in the pleura , mediastinum , and lungs . recently , many extrathoracic locations , including kidney and retroperitoneal soft tissue , hae been described 肾纤维瘤为很罕见纺锤状细胞肿瘤，常见于胸膜、纵隔和肺。近来发现该瘤也可发生于胸部以外的部位，如肾脏、腹膜后软组织等。
Moreover , re - cent data have suggested that surgery following induc - tion chemoradiation is feasible and effective in selected patients without mediastinal nodes involvement , if a complete resection can be performed 此外，数据显示在选定的纵隔淋巴结未被侵袭的患者，如果能够手术完整切除病变，那么放化疗诱导之后行手术治疗将可行而且有效。
Further development of disseminated tumor can spread from the lungs directly penetrated the chest wall , mediastinum , heart , vascular and other neighboring tube organizations ; after blood lymphatic metastasis to other parts of the body through the respiratory tract or disseminated to other lobe 癌肿进一步发展播散则可从肺直接蔓延侵入胸壁、纵隔、心脏、大血管等邻近器管组织；经淋巴道血道转移到身体其他部位或经呼吸道播散到其他肺叶。
Conclusion ( 1 ) most non - thoracotraumatic pneumomediastinum are secondary to the underlying diseases . therefore , the effective treatment of primary diseases are important . ( 2 ) a satisfactory effect must be based on different surgical techniques according to the different clinical symptoms and age of patients 结论( 1 )非胸外伤性纵隔气肿多为继发性的，在进行外科治疗的同时，应加强原发疾病的治疗； ( 2 )对非胸外伤性纵隔气肿应根据其临床症状的轻重和不同年龄采取不同的外科治疗方法，才能获得满意疗效。
Objective to study clinicopathologic features and to analyze differential of malignant mesothelioma . methods a case of malignant mesothelioma of the mediastinum was observed with pathologic examination and the literaturenas briefly reviewed . results the malignant mesothelioma showed biphasic forms , fibrous component and neoplastic cells arranged in stream - or nest - or cabinet - like forms , immumohistochemical staining showed that the neoplastic cells were positive for vimentin , desmin , nse , cd99 , cea , myod1 . conclusion malignant mesothelioma of mediastinum is a relatively rare poor prognosis , with the combination of clinical histopathological and immunohistochemical data , its correct diagnosis and differential diagnosis can be made 恶性间皮瘤发病率很低，大部分发生于胸膜和心包膜1 ，此瘤临床无特异性症状和体征，需与其他纵隔肿瘤相鉴别，方能作出正确诊断，现将1例纵隔恶性间皮瘤的临床病理资料报告如下，并结合文献对该肿瘤的形态结构特点、诊断与鉴别诊断、治疗与预后进行讨论。
