Conclusion these results suggest that opioid receptors , especially and opioid receptors , are closely related to the pathogenesis of traumatic hemorrhagic shock , and they play an important role in the depression of cardiovascular function following traumatic hemorrhagic shock 结论和阿片受体在创伤失血性休克心血管功能抑制中起重要作用,参与了创伤失血性休克的发病过程。
Methodology : a systematic analysis of the literature was performed searching for randomized , controlled trials studying the effects of a combination of two non - opioid analgesics in order to reduce postoperative opioid requirements and / or postoperative pain 方法：系统分析了检索出的相关文献，这些文献都是关于将两种非阿片类镇痛药联合应用以减少术后阿片类药物需要量和/或减少术后疼痛的疗效的随机对照性研究。
Complex interactions between classical cytokines and opioids have been found in the nervous system . the neural effects of opioids can be changed by cytokines , while the effects of cytokines can be modulated by opioids . in pha - stimulated human lymphocytes , the opioid receptor antagonist , naloxone , blunted the effect of il - 2 （ 2 ） 200u mlil 2对心肌细胞作用5min即有明显效应，引起dl dtmax 、 dl和dl dtlnax降低，舒张末期细胞长度缩短，随作用时间延长，其对心室肌细胞的抑制作用增强。
Therefore , the purpose of the present study was to determine whether the opioid receptor and its downstream pathway are involved in the cardiovascular effect of il - 2 and whether the effect of il - 2 under physiological or pathological conditions is changed . 1 effect of interieukin - 2 on contraction of enzymatically isolated ventricular myocytes cytokines play significant roles in some cardiovascular disorders , but direct myocardial effects of cytokines remain to be elucidated （ 4 ）非选择性阿片受体阻断剂纳洛酮（ nal ） （ 10nmol几）和选择性x阿片受体阻断剂norbni （ 10nmol l ）预处理后，可阻断il 2对心室肌细胞收缩的抑制作用，而选择性5阿片受体阻断剂纳曲呗跺（ nti ）门卜r口）不能阻断此作用。
On the other hand , a positive inotropic response was induced by il - 2 in isolated rat atria , indirectly by activating myocardial 3 - adrenoceptors by release of catecholamines , and directly by increasing the production of second messenger camp . in the isolated rat heart , stimulation of cardiac k opioid receptors has been shown to induce ventricular ectopic beats and to reduce the force of ventricular contraction 通过文献调研和我们的预实验，我们假设， il - 2的心脏作用涉及心肌细胞收缩力和细胞内钙的变化，其信号转导途径可能并非通过自身受体，而是通过存在于心肌细胞膜上的阿片受体发挥作用的；其对血管的作用可能循相关途径。
Methods with a model of traumatic hemorrhagic shock rat , the relationship between the changes of myocardial and brain , and opioid receptors and cardiovascular functions and effects of and opioid receptor antagonists on hemodynamic parameters of traumatic hemorrhagic shock rats were observed 方法用大鼠创伤失血性休克模型,观察创伤失血性休克后大鼠心脏和脑,和阿片受体变化及其与血流动力学指标的变化的关系;观察和阿片受体特异性拮抗剂对创伤失血性休克大鼠血流动力学指标的影响。
Pretreatment with the phospholipase c inhibitor u73122 ( 5 umol / l ) significantly inhibited the il - 2 - induced depression of contraction . conclusion : it is concluded that the effect of il - 2 on contraction of ventricular myocytes is mediated via the cardiac k opioid receptor , and the post - receptor signal transduction pathway includes a ptx sensitive g protein and phospholipase c . 2 effect of interieukin - 2 on intracellular calcium tran 5 200u ffil ）浓度依赖性地降低单个心室肌细胞电刺激诱导的钙瞬变幅度，使舒张末钙水平升高； （ 2 ） il 2 （ 200u ml ）使咖啡因诱导的肌浆网内贮钙的释放降低： （ 3 ） 50偷i热失活！
Results the number of myocardial and brain and opioid receptors significantly increased , and they were significantly associated with the decreased hemodynamic parameters such as mean arterial pressure ( map ) , left intraventricular systolic pressure ( lvsp ) , the maximal rate of the change of intraventricular pressure ( dp / dtmax ) and the area of p - dp / dt vector loop ( lo ) 结果创伤失血性休克后,大鼠心脏和脑和阿片受体数目明显升高,亲和力无明显变化,心脏和脑的和阿片受体数目升高与创伤失血性休克后大鼠血流动力学指标下降呈显著负相关。
There are still some debates in the long - term opioid therapy of patients with cncp , mainly because of the consideration of its efficacy , adverse effects , and the risk of addiction . . in this article , we will discuss the basic knowledge of cncp , the evidence - based efficacy of opioid therapy , and legal regulation from the government 本文从非癌症慢性疼痛的基本认知、鸦片类药物的治疗实证与使用指引，以及政府法规管制等方面作一讨论，以作为医护人员在临床实务上的参考。
