Like the difference between normal and real interest rate and the exchange rate , there are also difference , between , say , the name ( de jure ) arranges and real ( de facto ) pattern of arrangement , moreover some international organizations , the academic organization also have the their own judgment and classification 就像利率与汇率有名义与实际之分,各国的汇率制度也会有官方的、名义上的( dejure )安排与实际上实行的( defacto )安排之分,另外一些国际组织、学术机构也会有自己不同的判断和划分。
A member ' s national measures could violate non - discrimination obligation both overtly and implicitly . the overt violation always involves the national measures referring to the origin - based differentiation , while the implicit violation could exist in the context of origin - neutral national measures . the former situation will be called de jure discrimination , and the latter one is regarded as de facto discrimination , which gains attention in this article 首先，成员国可能给予原产于不同产地的产品以差别待遇，对产品实施产地歧视( origin - baseddiscrimination ) ，我们称之为“法律歧视( dejurediscrimination ) ” ；另外，成员国还有可能根据非产地因素给予产品差别待遇，但是在结果上也导致了事实上对原产于某个(些)成员国的产品的歧视，我们称之为“事实歧视( defactodiscrimination ) ” 。
This article is divided into three main parts , introduction made by the first article to address the problem that our current commercial housing mortgage existence of the de jure applicability of the relevant norms , and therefore the need for the introduction of civil security system . in the first chapter , introduced to the history and evolution of the security system , the relevant provisions of civil law countries , common law mortgage system , and commercial housing mortgage on the country ' s current situation . chapter ii with the guarantee system to allow specific content to do a more detailed introduction 笔者认为让与担保的定义应对让与担保的当事人、目的、让与标的及当事人之间的法律关系作出较明确的说明并将让与担保界定为:让与担保是指债务人或第三人为担保债务人的债务,将担保标物的权利移转于债权人,于债务清偿后,标的物的权利应返于债务人或第三人,于债务不履行时,担保权人可就担保物优先受偿的制度。
Directors of dltp includes de jure directors , de facto directors and shadow directors and third parties is composed of shareholders , creditors and some special creditors , such as governmental tr . x agencies , social security departments and corporate employees . the legal nature of dltp is special liability and different from liabilities mder tort , accordingly directors have to face both the liabilities under civil law and the special liabilities under corporate law . a director is not liable to third parties except that his or her action is illegal ; he or she is guilty of wrongful intent or of gross negligence for the illegal action ; the action occurs in the course of performing his or her corporate suties ; and third parties are damaged by the action 作者指出，董事对第三人责任中的董事不仅指正式董事，而且还包括影子董事和事实董事;除了股东和一般债权人之外，第三人还包括二些特殊债权人，如税务机关、社保机关以及雇员等;其责任性质为法定责任，但并不排除与民法侵权责任竞合的可能;董事对第三人责任应包括以下要件: .董事之行为须违法、董事对其行为违法有故意或重大过失、董事之行为发生于执行职务过程中、第三人因董事之违法行为受损害;在举证责任的分担上应有董事证明其违法行为是否有故意或重大过失，实现这一制度的诉讼形式为第三人之诉;另外，在公司破产时应采取一些特殊措施，以保证公平受偿。
