The macula gradually degenerates with age . some elders would experience distorted vision , e . g . straight lines become crooked or are seen to be magnified or diminished , or sometimes dim spots appear in the center of the visual field 黄斑点随著年龄增长会逐渐出现萎缩及退化的现象，患者所看的东西会出现变形，如直线变曲线，有时放大或缩小，或间中有暗点，以致视力模糊。
The macula can be affected by a number of pathologies including trauma , infection , degeneration , vascular and inflammatory problems , etc . it can also be further subdivided into those with and without choroidal neovascularization 黄斑病变的成因和类别黄斑病变病理成因有许多，包括创伤感染退化血管性或发炎等等，其更可进一步区分为有脉络膜血管增生和没有脉络膜血管增生两大类。
And they used themselves as guinea pigs . after taking a lutein supplement for 140 days , they found that the macular pigment levels in their own eyes increased from 20 to 40 percent , which would reduce the amount of blue light reaching the macula by 30 to 40 percent 研究人员以自己来做实验，结果发现在口服了140天黄体素补充剂之后，他们眼睛里的黄斑色素含量提高了20 %到40 %不等，且蓝光到达黄斑的量减少了30 %到40 % 。
What are the common causes of and how do we classify macular diseases ? the macula can be affected by a number of pathologies including trauma , infection , degeneration , vascular and inflammatory problems , etc . it can also be further subdivided into those with and without choroidal neovascularization ( cnv ) 黄斑病变病理成因有许多，包括创伤、感染、退化、血管性或发炎等等，其更可进一步区分为有脉络膜血管增生和没有脉络膜血管增生两大类。
" the clinical pattern of numerous small red maculae or reticular erythema and pale maculae in the palms of skin atopic persons may be an additional diagnostic feature and sere as the first clue for the ealuation of atopic risk in indiiduals , iewed in conjunction with the person ' s medical history and the hyperlinearity of the palms , " the researchers write 临床上特应性皮炎患者掌部多个小红斑或网状红斑以及苍白斑可以作为一项新增的确定诊断特征，以及结合患者既往病史和掌纹明显来评价特应性皮炎危险度的首要线索，研究者说。
In a series of 30 cases of retinitis pigmentosa , pigment epithelial alterations included mottling of the macula in 8 eyes ( 13 . 3 % ) , bull ' s - eye pattern in 24 eyes ( 40 % ) and atrophy or hypopigmentation in 56 eyes ( 93 . 3 % ) ; macular edema with retinal thickening was present in 30 eyes ( 50 % ) , cystoid macular edema in 18 eyes ( 30 % ) ; broadening or loss of foveal reflex was present in 60 eyes ( 100 % ) , preretinal membrane noticed in 58 eyes ( 96 . 7 % ) and macular hemorrhage in one eye ( 1 . 7 % ) 摘要对网膜色素变性症的病例30例60眼探讨其黄斑部病灶的情形，网膜色素上皮层变化中的杂色斑点病变见于8眼，频率为13 . 3 % ，牛眼样病灶见于24眼( 40 % ) ，网膜脱色素病灶为56眼( 93 . 3 % ) ；黄斑部浮肿之网膜增厚为30眼( 50 % ) ，类囊胞浮肿为18眼( 30 % ) ；其它变化包括中心窝反射消失或增宽为60眼( 100 % ) ，网膜前纤维膜为58眼( 96 . 7 % ) ，黄斑部出血和疑似网膜下新生血管各为1眼( 1 . 7 % ) 。
Renin secretion is controlled by at least four mechanisms that are not mutually exclusive : a renal vascular receptor responds to changes in tension in the afferent arteriolar wall ; a macula densa receptor detects changes in the delivery rate or concentration of nacl in the distal tubule ; circulating angiotensin has a negative feedback effect on renin secretion ; and the sympathetic nervous system stimulates renin secretion via the renal nerve mediated by receptors 肾素的分泌至少受四种互不排斥的机制控制：肾血管受体对向心小动脉壁张力变化的反应；致密斑受体发现远端肾小管内氯化钠传递速率或浓度的变化；循环的血管紧张素对肾素的分泌的负反馈效应；和交感神经系统经由受体介导的肾神经刺激分泌肾素。
