In the third part , the feynman rules of scalar qed is derived clearly , followed by photon self - energy and scalar self - energy . based on them , the effective masses of photon and scalar electron are given 在第三部分推导了标量qed的费曼规则，并计算了光子自能和标量自能，在此基础上得到光子和标量电子的有效质量。
In the framework of thermofied dynamics it is shown that , at finite temperature the final state in the bremsstrahlung process is just the eigenstate of the annihilation thermal - field operator which indicates that it is a coherent state 运用热场动力学的相关知识，我们发现有限温度下的韧致辐射的末态恰好是热场湮灭算符的本征态，从而说明热qed下的韧致辐射是一个相干态。
There are many ways to generate single - photon state , e . g . attenuated laser , quantum dot , pulsed excitation of a single dipole , single nitrogen - vacancy color center in a diamond nanocrystal , cavity - qed and spontaneous parametric down - conversion ( spdc ) 目前有多种方案可以制备单光子态，如直接将激光衰减至单光子水平、量子点、单荧光分子以及金刚石纳米颗粒中的n - v色心、腔qed及自发参量下转换等。
Although we only worked on two toy models , the methods and some of the results can be used to study medium effects in more realistic systems , such as nuclear matter ( hadronic dynamic models ) , electromagnetic plasma ( hot qed ) and qgp ( hot qcd ) 虽然_ 6 ~ 3和标量qed是两个理想模型，但是其研究方法和某些结果亦可运用于实际的研究系统中。比如，核物质(强子动力学模型) 、电磁等离子体(热qed )和夸克胶子等离子体(热qcd ) 。
The main works and results we have accomplished are as follows : 1 ) red - detuned locking of cooling / trapping laser to the cycling transition of cesium cooling has been accomplished by means of a double - passed acoustic - optical frequency shifting system and the technique of saturated absorption spectroscopy . the short - term residual frequency jitter is less than 350khz ; 2 ) automatic controlling system by computer programs has been established for laser cooling and trapping and cavity qed experiment . the laser and magnetic fields can be controlled by the acoustic - optical modulator and the electronic - controlled logic gate respectively 具体如下： 1 )采用了往返两次通过的声光频移系统结合饱和吸收光谱技术的实验方案，实现了冷却俘获激光频率相对于铯原子冷却循环跃迁的负失谐锁定，短期频率稳定度约在350khz以内，并可方便地调节其负失谐量而无须对后续光路再作调整； 2 )建立了一套基于计算机程序控制的、铯原子激光冷却与俘获实验所需的时序控制系统。
In the first part , we describe the designing and construction of vapor cell magneto - optical trap ( vcmot ) in our lab . then , show the optical dipole trap of cesium based on the work of vcmot . in the third part , some preparation works for cavity qed research are presented 本文的工作主要包括以下三方面：第一，采用汽室磁光阱实现了铯原子的激光冷却与俘获；第二，在实现磁光阱基础上，采用红移行波偶极阱实现了铯原子的光学偶极俘获；第三，开展了一系列腔qed前期实验准备工作。
With the development of laser techniques , the optical cavity has played an important role on monitoring laser mode , measurement and narrowing of laser linewidth , laser mode cleaner , laser frequency stabilization , optical spectrum and cavity - qed etc . , due to its advantages of ultra - low losses , high finesse and narrow linewidth 随着激光技术的发展，谐振腔由于其腔内损耗小、精细度高、线宽窄等特点，使得其在监视激光模式、测量并压窄激光线宽、激光模式清洁、激光稳频、激光光谱学、腔量子电动力学等方面起到重要的作用。
The interaction between atoms and photons has been investigated comprehensively by cavity quantum electronics - dynamic ( cavity qed ) in the last decades . with the manipulation of atoms developed by laser cooling and trapping and improvement of high finesses cavity with ultra - low losses , the interaction between atoms and photons has reached what is called strong - coupling range in optical domain 从上世纪90年代发展起来的腔量子电动力学( cqed )从根本上揭示了光与原子的相互作用，光频段腔qed对认识原子与光场的作用至关重要：随着冷原子技术与高品质光学腔的发展，原子与光子的相互作用达到强耦合。
The " allowed " electric dipole ( el ) transitions will encounter strong competition from " forbidden " transitions , i . e . magnetic dipole ( ml ) , electric quadruple ( e2 ) and other higher order transitions , the transitions rates for the forbidden decay scale with higher powers of z than those of el transitions , the effects of quantum electrodynamics ( qed ) also scale with higher power of z . accelerator - based beam - foil spectroscopy ( bfs ) is an important method for spectroscopic studies of highly ionized atoms 在高离化态原子中，磁相互作用明显增强， “允许的”电偶极( e1 )跃迁将遭到来自磁偶极( m1 ) 、电四极矩( e2 )和其它高次的“禁戒”跃迁的强烈竞争，禁戒跃迁几率随核电荷数z增加而迅速增加，此外量子电动力学效应也随着z增加而增强。
