The author argues that two step shouid be taken to judge the causation properly . the first step is to anaiyze whether causation in fact is decided according to the but for ruie ; the second step to anaiyze whether causation in iaw is decided according the foreseeabiiity ruie . from those steps the causation can be decided and the scope of the carrier ' s iiability is fixed 本文针对审判中判断因果关系的方法和标准不统一的问题，提出应当明晰化实践中采用的因果关系认定方法，认定因果关系时应当分两个层次进行，首先是根据要不则无规则判断事实上的因果关系是否成立，其次是根据合理预见规则判断法律上的因果关系是否成立，最后根据因果关系得出承运人的赔偿范围。
Due to the reason of history and economy , the situation of different shape , throng variety and miscellaneous norms of steel bar or wires used in concrete structure of our country has formed now , which directly caused that no unified standard and control can be carried out 由于历史和经济原因，目前我国混凝土结构用钢筋(丝)已形成了品种众多、外形各异和评定标准不统一的局面。这种情况直接导致了不能对钢筋质量进行统一评定和控制，进而由于钢筋质量问题引发出相当数量的建筑工程质量事故。
This paper introduces the current status and application features of im and sms firstly , and analyzes the technologies and protocols of popular im systems , such as icq , msn in detail . as the present im ' s protocol being not unified , this paper presents an im application based on proposed jabber protocol which is applied to data communication between pda and im server 本文首先介绍了im与sms的现状及其应用特点，随后详细分析了目前流行的im系统的技术特点与协议内容，如icq 、 msn ，针对现有各im系统协议标准不统一的现状，构架了c s模式的im模块，并提出了类jabber协议，使之应用于pda端和im服务器端之间的im数据交互。
For the problem of present engineering no criterion market and industry standard disunity of no - dig horizontal directional drilling under pipe paving , the view is put forward in particularity and security of no - dig horizontal directional drilling pipe paving and in reason using of under resource . it emphasizes engineering method data management and unify layout management of no - dig horizontal directional drilling . and it analyzes technology economic and discuss the development of under pipe directional equipment and put forward new thought and studying aspect of no - dig horizontal directional drilling construction engineering criterion management - the effect of all kinds of tache and factor in the different no - dig directional drilling construction are discussed from a great deal of detail no - dig engineering examples 就当前水平定向钻进铺设地下管线工程市场不规范和行业标准不统一的问题，本文从非开挖水平定向钻进铺管技术特殊性和安全性及地下资源空间的合理利用方面提出了自己的看法和见解，特别强调了对非开挖定向钻进铺管工程技术资料的管理和非开挖施工工程的统一规划管理的问题，并对非开挖水平定向钻进施工进行了技术经济分析，并就非开挖施工工程的管线定位的仪器研发进行了分析探讨，为非开挖施工的管线规范管理提出了新思路和研究方向。
As to the problem that plane ' s normal has two opposite direction , we using " direction spread " to resolve it . examination result show that adopting adjacent points " main normal direction as current point ' s normal direction can resolve that problem and provide reliable information to points " classification 对于法向量存在两个相反方向的问题，本文使用了“方向传播”的方法，由邻域中法向量的主流方向确定待求点的法向量方向，实验结果表明可以较好地解决法向量方向不统一的问题，为后续的数据点分类提供可靠依据。
