共时

• Both regionalism and traditional vernacular architecture culture become very essential power to impact vernacularism architecture in southwest multinational area . the following essay sorts out and summarizes its historical development , spatial distributing and pluralism characteristic . it probes the profound contents of vernacular architecture in southwest multinational area and demonstrates the practice value , aesthetic value and spiritual value
  文章针对西南多民族地区乡土主义建筑的具体创作实践的历时性发展、共时性分布、多元性特质进行全面的梳理和总结，探讨西南多民族地区乡土主义建筑的创作内容，并论证在应用价值、审美价值和精神价值三方面对传统乡土建筑文化的价值延承。
• Chapter 2 makes a comparison of the cultural value orientations that are commonly preferred respectively in china and america by presenting ideas that draw heavily on the work of kluckhohn and strodtbeck and their theory of value orientations , concerning people ' s relationship with nature , people ' s concept of human nature , time , activity and their concept of interpersonal relationship , the focus being on the differences
  第二章首先简要介绍了本文的理论依据即美国学者克拉克洪提出的价值取向的五方面。接着从人的本质，人与自然的关系，人对时间、活动的观念以及人与集体的关系详细比较分析了中美主流文化的共时性差异。人具有文化独特性，主流文化的价值取向并不意味着其中的个体具有相同的价值取向。
• In this paper , taking words of synonyms and antonyms in " wu yue chun qiu " as a research subject , the author , with a scientific method of synchronic description , diachronic comparison , combining statistics and analysis , reveals the linguistic characteristics of " wu yue chun qiu " , and makes clear that it has corpus linguistic value and occupies an important position in chinese language evolving history
  以《吴越春秋》中的同义词与反义词为研究对象，运用共时描写与历时比较、统计与分析相结合的科学方法，揭示了《吴越春秋》的语言特色，肯定了其重要的语料价值和在汉语史上的地位。
• On one hand , they diachronically represent the eight major steps taken by yungho chang ' s atelier fcjz along with its 10 years ' development , while the analysis proceeds step by step from historical review to investigation of the present and anticipation of the future ; on the other hand , eight steps synchronically summarize eight important components of yungho chang ' s pursuit , covering both autonomous architectural subjects and some closely related social cultural issues ; at the same time , between general historical cultural context and specific architectural discipline , eight steps are eight different view angels and optical lenses , through which the author gradually unfolds a careful reading and critical scrutiny on yungho chang ' s architectural works and ideas
  一方面， "八步"历时性地代表着张永和非常建筑工作室十年来成长所经历的八个主要步骤文中的评析从历史性的回顾逐步过渡到对现状的考察和对未来的展望；另一方面， "八步"也共时性概括了张永和的建筑追求中的八个重要组成部分，其中既涵盖了建筑学本体的课题，也涉及到一些密切相关的社会、文化问题；同时，在广泛的历史文化脉络和特定的建筑学本体之间, "八步"又成为八个不同的视角和视镜，笔者借此得以逐步展开对张永和的建筑作品、观念的细致读解和批判性审视。
• Based on the findings of the review and the status quo of rural tourism , the authors believe that future focuses of overseas studies on rural tourism will shift to : inter - discipline empirical and conceptual research from different lights to discern the nature of it ; researches on international common understanding of the terminology , nature , outcome and the significance of rural tourism ; synchronic contrastive studies on international cooperation programs in trans - regional and trans - cultural rural tourism , and diachronic induced studies of the development of rural tourism at different stages
  基于上述研究状况和乡村旅游发展现状，笔者认为今后国外乡村旅游研究的重点将可能为：对乡村旅游跨学科、多角度进行的实证和理论研究，乡村旅游有关术语、作用和基础理论的国际共识研究，国际合作跨地区、跨文化的乡村旅游共时比较研究及对乡村旅游发展演进不同阶段的历时归纳研究。
• Based on the fieldworks and studies from both diachronic and synchronic perspectives , the thesis argues that fenhe and guanzhong clusters of zhongyuan guanhua should be incorporated as one cluster in the language atlas of china , which should be re - demarcated into four sub - clusters according to their phonological features : guannei , hedong , jiangzhou , and pingyang
  本文在调查研究的基础上,认为《中国语言地图集》中中原官话汾河片和关中片无论从历史演变还是从共时特点上都是分不开的,因此将它们合并为中原官话关中片,并根据语音特点将它们分为关内、河东、绛州、平阳等四个小片。
• The thriving studies on grammaticalization ( full word ' s grammaticalization ) , syntactical functions extension , rationale for compound words , grammaticalization ( lexicalization ) , iconicity , etymology , lexicography , etc . in modern linguistics are directing researchers ' attention to the diachronic and historic perspective in the synchronic research of the lexical semantics of modem chinese
  摘要现代语言学研究中的语法化（实词虚化） 、词性引申研究，复合词理据义研究，语法化（词汇化）研究，象似性、词源研究，词典编纂研究等的兴盛，带动了现代汉语词汇语义的共时研究对历时、历史视角的关注。