合宪

• But it is hardly conceivable that this court would hold constitutional a statute which punished as a felony the mere voluntary assembly with a society formed to teach that pedestrians had the moral right to cross unenclosed , unposted , wastelands and to advocate their doing so , even if there was imminent danger that advocacy would lead to a trespass
  但这一点是无法想象的，即本法院会认定这样一项法律的合宪性，该法律像对待重罪那样惩罚完全自愿性的集会，即便存在鼓吹会导致冒犯的迫在眉睫的危险，集会还以群社的方式，向在道义上有权穿越没有围墙的、没有悬挂“不得侵入”告示的地方、废墟上的人讲授并号召人们这样做。
• State judiciaries interpret state laws and apply them in specific disputes relating to state law ; they determine whether a state crime has been committed ; they evaluate the constitutionality of state laws under the state constitution ; and they review the legality of state administrative rules under state statutes
  州司法机构在涉及到州法律的具体争端中解释和运用州法律；他们决定是否属于州犯罪行为；他们在州宪法下评估州法律的合宪性；及他们评论在州法令之下的州行政规章的合法性。
• Since coming out from the constitution as the fundamental law of the country , a lot of countries around the world , in different forms successively , have set up and checked whether the general legislation or administrative statuted accords with the system of the constitution , usually called the examination of violation of the constitution or the review of constitutionality , so as to ensure supreme legal effect and position of the constitution
  自从宪法作为国家的根本大法问世以来,世界上许多国家都陆续以不同的形式,建立了审查一般立法或行政法规是否符合宪法的制度,通常称为违宪审查或合宪性审查,以保证宪法的最高法律效力和地位。
• Thirdly , measures for safeguarding equality rights , which contain the following provisions : status of constitutional supremacy , direct legal effect applied by law courts , binding force , no discriminatory limit or amendment of constitutional rights by law , constitutional review organs and its procedures etc . fourthly , a set of technical norms of constitutional review on whether infringement of equality rights has taken place , including the formulation of " treating the same likely and the differences differently " , prohibition of discrimination , opposition of discriminatory action , permission of reasonable and just difference treatment , standards of constitutional review on whether differences of treatment are rational and just , that is to say , on which strict degree of standard can be applied to different types of equality rights , or to equality rights with different functions
  第四，一套可行的平等权司宪操作技术规范：同样情况相同对待，不同情况差别对待；相同情况不同对待和不同情况相同对待；禁止歧视；反对恣意行为；允许支持合理正当性差别待遇。简言之，针对不同类型的平等权适用严格程度不同的审查基准，审查确定差别待遇或分类的目的是否合宪，采取差别待遇的手段和实现的目的之间的关连性程度，进而判断是否侵害平等权。可行的结论。
• Therefore , focusing on the plight in establishing constitutional judiciary , this paper analyzes constitutional review system in different countries and puts forward quite pertinent coping strategy in order to break the dull predicament of constitutional review system of china in practice
  因此，本文主要着眼于我国建立司法审查制度面临的困境，在比较分析各国合宪性审查制度的基础上，提出颇具针对性的应对之策，以期打开我国现行合宪性审查体制在实践中的怠滞状态。
• It is not the same as the british , it has a route institution - the common judicial examines the constitutionality of the legislature , refuses to apply un - constitutionul legislature , so as to supervise the congress . during the course of the study of the history foundation of this institution and basis , the author point that the dominant opinion about state power which is deeply distrust and the just of the judicial greatly affected the institution ' s foundation . the author also appraises this institution
  由于美国在这一方面有一个成型的制度? ?由普通司法机关对国会立法的合宪性进行附带性审查从而实现对国会的监督的，所以在本文中考查了这一制度的起源、依据，指出了在建立及存在过程中，美国社会对立法权所持有的深深的不信任心态而司法机关所具有高度的公正性对其产生了极重要的影响。
• In the united states , international treaties present at least four distinctive forms , and article vi , section ii of the us constitution adopts them wholesale as the supreme law of the land ; nevertheless , since 1829 the courts have come to distinguish the self - executing and non - self - executing treaties , but a large volume of cases and commentaries have controversy and confusion on the differential criteria , which has fallen into four categories in this article : intent , constitutionality , justiciability and private right of action
  首先， 《美国宪法》第六条第二款将在国内至少表现为四种不同形式的国际条约作为整体一揽子采纳为全国最高的法律；但自从1829年，其司法实践中开始区分自动执行与非自动执行两种类型的条约，前者无须进一步采取立法或行政上的措施就能直接适用，后者反之。大量的案例和评论对于二者的区分标准充满了争论与困惑，本文将其分为意图、合宪性、司法性和私人诉权四类并加以分析和评价。