The research development of channel segregation ( freckle ) during solidification in multi - component systems is discussed , including the freckle characteristic , influencing factor and physical feature 摘要对多组元复杂体系（尤其是高温合金体系）在凝固过程中形成的通道偏析即黑斑的研究现状进行了评述，包括黑斑的存在方式、影响因素和物理特征等。
Technology culture is a complicated system that has been formed with the developing course of science and technology , the system has its characters including technology contents , science knowledge , science spirit and science thinking mode 摘要科技文化是在科学技术发展过程中所形成的具有自身特征的科技器物、科学知识、科学精神、科学思维方式的复杂体系。
Along the way , he covers class loading issues ranging from the number of classes required for running a simple java application to the class loader conflicts that can cause problems in j2ee and similar complex architectures 接着，他将讨论类装入问题，其范围涉及从运行简单的java应用程序所需的类的数量到可能造成j2ee及类似的复杂体系结构出现问题的类装入器冲突。
Grey cast iron is a type of alloys containing more than one elements , and their properties are determineed by it ' s compositions , melting and pouring conditions in the preparing of melt . at the same time , it requres charging in the lowest cost . this is a common problem which must be coped with in the applications of grey cast iron , and the solving of it is of great practical values 灰铸铁是由多种合金元素组成的复杂体系，其性能不但受成分和熔炼工艺参数的影响，同时还要考虑成本因素，其成分?工艺?性能建模和低成本配料，在灰铁工程应用中是一个普遍关注的问题，其研究具有较大的实际应用价值。
Knowledge of distribution and regulation of ugts remains limited . liver microsomes is a frequently used enzyme source in in vitro study of glucuronidation , but it has the following deficient respects : 1 . liver microsome is a mixture of various enzymes , and therefore the results from microsome cannot represent the function of a individual isozyme 关于ugts的组织分布和调节这方面的知识还不多，过去常采用肝微粒体进行研究，但有以下缺陷： u ）肝微粒体是多种药酶沮合的复杂体系，因而实验结果难以区分是一种同工醇的作用
Abstract : according to the principle of themodynamics and the method of linear algebra , the eqiulibrium criterion and eqiulibrium condition of the complex system have leen discussed systematically . the calculation method of eqiulibrium composition of chemical reaction , phase transfer as well as simultaneous equilibrium in the complex system have been proposed 文摘:根据热力学原理和线性代数方法，系统地讨论了复杂体系的平衡判据和平衡条件，以及复杂体系反应平衡、相变平衡，反应?相变同时平衡条件下平衡组成的计算方法，为研究复杂体系的平衡问题提供了理论依据。
This paper gives a historical perspective about the past developments of physics in order to understand its present status and furthermore to glimpse its future prospects . we hope that this view may be helpful for those who are engaged in teaching and research in physics . from the stratification of the physical world , it is shown that there is coupling as well as decoupling between different strata , so that complex systems composed of an enormous number of particles will show properties which can not be simply reduced to laws governing individual particles . from this viewpoint , the frontiers of research in physics are discussed in relation to its future prospects . a bright future is anticipated for physics 文章试图对物理学的发展历史作一透视，从而理解其现状，并进而窥测其未来的前景.我们希望这一看法对于当今从事物理学教学与科研的人士有所助益.由于物理世界的层次化，诸层次之间既可能存在耦合，又可能出现脱耦.因而大量粒子所构成的复杂体系中所涌现的各种层展性质就不能简单地还原成个别粒子所服从的规律.我们根据这一观点并结合物理学的未来前景，讨论了当今物理学研究的若干前沿问题.一切迹象预示着物理学将有光明的前景
