In many countries , patent activity in biotechnology has been slowing down over recent years , the study said , with only italy , austria , japan and some countries with very few patent applications showing accelerated activity 研究指出，在许多国家，生物技术专利表现出明显慢化，只有意大利，澳大利亚，日本和其它一些国家的少数专利表现出加速发展。
A rectangular target with its aspect ratio 2 . 5 : 1 gives the higher neutron flux than square target with the same area . for the same shape , the neutron flux increases then turn to decrease with decreasing the area of the target 接下来根据已优化的靶的参数，利用低能粒子输运程序mcnp4a进一步计算高能中子(快中子)进入慢化器后，在慢化器中的输运过程。
With the decoupling average technique and high - temperature approximation , we obtain the graph of the system magnetization evolving , which clearly exhibit the critical slowing phenomena of xy model near the phase transition region 运用退耦平均技术，在高温近似下数值模拟得出的平均磁化强度的时间演化，清楚地展示了xy模型在相变发生区域内的临界慢化现象。
And then , metal structure with aspect ratio 30 was obtained in our laboratory . eventually , a few micro parts with high aspect ratio were fabricated by liga process under the optimum condition . there were key parts of micro thruster , netlike nickel antielectron modulator , micro copper radiator , stainless steel micro components and many filter mediums with different shapes and dimensions 最后，我们利用liga技术加工的独特优点，以发展其高深宽比技术的实际应用，先后制作了狭缝阵列镍结构微推进器关键部件、薄壁网状多孔镍结构正电子慢化体、微型铜结构换热气和多种材料不同、尺寸各异的过滤介质，还结合利用liga技术和微细电火花技术的加工优点，制作出了不锈钢微结构
Nuclear reaction is the important mechanism for causing single event upset as well , especially for high - energy protons . all the formula needed for simulating proton - induced radiation effects are deduced . to bypass the obstacle of lacking nuclear reaction parameters of high - energy protons interacting with silicon , the author successfully obtained the necessary nuclear reaction cross sections by combining an intranuclear cascade nuclear reaction model with monte - carlo simulation , which are applied to the calculation of seu 整理、推导了数值模拟所需要的计算公式及连续慢化近似下的输运方程，自行编制了辐射屏蔽计算程序、单粒子效应计算程序、热?力学效应计算程序，并对所有计算程序进行了对应的验算，计算结果与公开发表的理论或实验结果相符合。
Nuclear scattering results in the displacement defects in material as well as the deflection of proton from its incident direction ; electronic stopping of protons acts as the most important factor in the degradation of incident proton energy , resulting in electronic effects such as single event upset 核散射是导致入射质子运动方向改变以及缺陷产生的主要因素，入射质子与核外电子云的作用是高能质子在材料中慢化的主要因素。核反应在宇宙高能质子引起的单粒子效应中有重要影响。
The reflector can increase the neutron flux obviously and the main processes of the neutron yield in reflector are spallation reaction induced by energetic hadrons and ( n , 2n ) reaction . when the moderator height is equal to the distance between the upper part and the lower part of the split target , the total neutron flux of the split target will be higher by 20 . 1 % than that of the integral one . secondly , the high - energy neutron escaping from the target will enter into the moderator and be slowed down 得到经水慢化器慢化后，中子通量在慢化器厚度与高度方向上的分布；比较了水与液态氢的慢化能力以及中子在水、液态氢、液态甲烷这三种慢化器慢化后的能谱；在csns的靶站设计中，引出慢中子的导管不完全位于慢化器中子引出面的法线方向上，因此进一步计算了中子通量角分布。
According to the demand of the concept design of china spallation neutron source ( csns ) , the target station , i . e . the target , the reflector and the moderator have been simulated and optimized using monte carlo simulation software , nmtc / jam and mcnp4a , firstly . the neutron flux escaping from the target and the moderator and the heat deposition in the target , the reflector and the moderator are calculated . these results provided essential data as a basis of the spallation neutron source design 本论文结合当前中国散裂中子源( chinaspallationneutronsource ， csns )工程概念设计的迫切需要，选择国际上广泛使用的基于蒙特?卡罗方法，用于模拟粒子输运过程的程序mcnp4a和nmtc jam作为研究工具，首次对csns靶站进行了全面的模拟与优化，内容包括靶、反射体与慢化器系统的中子通量分布以及热量沉积，同时计算了靶的温度场与应力场分布。
The neutron flux extracted to different angles has been calculated . finally , the heat depositions in the target , the reflector and the moderator have been calculated . based on these results , the temperature and stress distribution hi tungsten target under different cooling condition have been calculated too 最后计算了靶、反射体以及不同慢化器(水、液态氢、液态甲烷)中的热量沉积，并以此为依据，利用工程软件ideas进一步计算了各种冷却条件下，靶中温度场与应力场分布。
