With the thermodynamic theories and techniques , it is relatively easy to determine the phase equilibrium data with enough accuracy , however there still exist much more difficulties in crystallization kinetics study even for a simple binary system . that is the reason that nucleation and crystal growth rate are generally represented in form of the empirical expressions . the crystallization kinetic is important for crystallizer design , process control and optimization , and it is strongly depended upon the accurate characterization of process information concerning with multiphase flows and the further disclose of its mechanisms with suitable mathematical models 热力学理论和方法已足以获得准确的相平衡关系；然而即使对于简单的二元物系的结晶过程，晶核形成和晶体生长动力学的研究仍面临许多困难，通常采用经验模型表述，而动力学参数的准确性和可靠性是结晶器放大设计、过程控制与优化的关键，因此多相流信息的准确表征、结晶机理的进一步揭示及建立起与之相适应的数学模型有着十分重要的学术研究和实际应用价值。
According to the i - t curves of potential step , it was revealed that electrocrystallization of ni - w - b alloy on glassy carbon followed the mechanism of instantaneous nucleation and three dimensional growth with diffusion controlled . the crystal nucleus number on the surface of electrode raised by the increase of over potential 根据电位阶跃的i t曲线分析得知，在玻摘要碳电极上ni wb合金电结晶过程遵从扩散控制瞬时成核三维成长模式进行，且随着过电位的增加，电极表面上晶核数增多。
When sn2 + concentration in the bath is lower , sn2 + activity is not enough causes slow deposition rate and slow growth rate of crystallizing nucleus , so crystalline granularity deposited is smaller ; when sn2 + concentration in the bath is higher , the dispersive ability of the bath decreases and the surface quality of the deposits sets worse 镀液中sn ~ ( 2 + )浓度较低时，离子活度不够，沉积速度慢，晶核成长速度慢，使沉积的晶粒粒度较小； sn ~ ( 2 + )浓度过高，镀液分散能力降低，使镀层的表面质量下降。
The forming - nucleus drive power could form numerous little crystal nucleus under natural melting temperature . the formation of tic particles in the melt could be divided into two phases which was forming - nucleus and growth . the forming mechanism of tic was : melting ti first surrounded c , then ti melting in the alloy and c formed a complicated reaction mesosphere on the carbon surface 根据热力学及动力学分析，认为在碳颗粒界面处tic的形核率很高，形核驱动力足以在正常的熔炼温度下形成众多的小晶核；熔体中tic颗粒的合成可分为形核与长大两个阶段，其形核机制为：首先活性ti原子包围c ，溶入合金中的ti与c在碳表面形成一复杂反应中间层，随着反应进行， ti和c颗粒不断减少，生成的tic不断弥散分布于熔体中；其长大过程伴随着tic颗粒的相互堆砌、聚集和形态规则化。
For electrodeposition by dc methods , the metals deposite uninterrupted and the particles were also embeded uninterrupted into the coatings ; for electrodeposition by pc method , the particles with biggish volume were desorbed from the coatings and returned to the electrolyte again owing to the presence of pulse interval ; for electrodeposition by prc method , the particles carried positive charges are much more easy to desorb from the coatings owing to the effecf of reverse pulse current combined with pulse interval , in addition , the reverse pulse current also could dissovle the metals , further accelerates the desorption of particles , thus the particles size embeded in the coatings by prc method is the least 直流电沉积时,基质金属的沉积连续进行,粒子在电极表面不间断嵌入镀层;单脉冲电沉积由于脉冲间歇的存在使得具有较大体积的粒子会脱附,重新回到溶液中;采用周期换向脉冲时,反向脉冲电流使表面荷正电的较大的粒子更易从电极表面脱附,同时,反向脉冲电流对基质金属的溶解作用,也会促进粒子的脱附,因此镀层中复合粒子尺寸最小。随着镀层中粒子复合量的增加,三种镀层的晶粒都明显细化,说明al _ 2o _ 3的存在阻止了晶粒的长大,提高了电沉积过程中晶核的形成速率。
When subjected to such process , the steel surface will be covered with numerous fine manganese - phosphate crystals so that the crystal nucleus necessary for manganese - based phosphorizing increases greatly in number . this may not only accelerate phosphorization and properly lower the temperature of phosphorization , but also prevent big - size crystals from being generated . as a result , the resulting phosphate has improved fineness and evenness 钢铁经它处理后，会在其表面覆盖上许多极细小的锰磷酸盐结晶，使锰系磷化所需晶核数目大为增加，以而加速磷化反应速度，并能适当降低磷化温度，还可以阻止粗大结晶的生成，因此形成的磷化膜更加均匀细致。
In this paper , the course of isothermal crystallization kinetics of polymer in limited volume unit is simulated by use of the method of monte carlo . four factors influenting on the course of polymer in the limited volume unite isothermal crystallization are analyzed under the given conditions . the four factors are sample volume shrinkage , the change of the linear growth rate of entities g , the change of sample thickness and the change of the number of nuclei 本文采用montecarlo方法研究了高聚物在有限体积元中的等温结晶动力学过程，分析了在一定条件下，样品体积收缩、晶体线生长速率变化、样品厚度变化和晶核数目变化这四种因素对高聚物在有限体积元中的等温结晶过程的影响。
This has an important meaning to the industrial manufacture . dsc , waxd and polarizing microscope with hot stage experiments were performed to describe what led the ssp rate acceleration of pet / mmt . it was shown that montmorillonite acted as a very good nucleating agent in pet crystallization process , which results in the lower crystallinity , more small microlites , and more surfaces of microlites 为研究pet mmt固相缩聚效率提高的原因，通过热台偏光显微镜、 dsc 、 x -射线衍射等手段对样品的结晶进行观察与分析研究，结果表明蒙脱土对pet的结晶有明显的成核作用，使其晶核生成速率迅速提高，晶核数量明显增多，从而使整个结晶过程的时间变短，同时形成了更多结构不完善的微晶体。
