Across geographic gradients, levins expects allopatric races or coenospecies exist . 穿过地理梯度，莱文斯预料有分布区不重叠的小种或近群种。
If the system is at constant pressure then there must exist a counter gradient of air molecules . 如果系统处于常压下，那么必定存在空气分子的反方向梯度。
Two main types can be distinguished: ecoclines(clines along an ecological gradient) . 可以区分两个主要类型，即生态梯度变异（即沿着生态梯度出现的梯度变异）和另一种。
During the course of the upstroke, the membrane potential attains zero, and an electrical gradient no longer exists . 在升支发展过程中，膜电位一达到零，电位梯度即不再存在。
The combined effect of uplift and denudation upon the temperature gradient can be obtained by formula (3. 86) . 抬升和剥蚀对温度梯度的联合效应可以根据公式（386）进行估定。
On a singular surface of order 1 the deformation gradient and the velocity of the medium may suffer finite discontinuity . 在1级的奇面上，媒质的形变梯度和速度可以经受不连续性。
The clinal variations of at least some physiological characters does not reflect unevenness at the subspecies boundaries . 至少有一些生理性状的梯度变异反映不出亚种边界的不齐性。
The cline is considered the probable result of geographic trends in precipitation, temperature, and perhaps also photoperiod . 人们认为这种梯度变异可能是降水量，温度也许还有光周期等地理趋势造成的结果。
They must be able selectively to allow certain molecules or ions to enter across this barrier, often against concentration gradients . 这必须能选择性地让某些分子或离子（常常是逆着浓度梯度）通过这个屏障。
