In ireland , they originally used turnips for their " jack lanterns " , but upon arriving in north america , they discovered that pumpkins were abundant and easier to carve out 爱尔兰人的“杰克灯笼”通常是用大头菜刻成的，而在北美洲，则换成了南瓜。
It was the tragedy of the irish potato famine of 1845 , in which 1m irish perished when the potato crop on which they subsisted succumbed to blight 起因是1845年爱尔兰马铃薯歉收，由于他们所赖以生存的马铃薯得了枯萎病，导致了一百万的爱尔兰人的死亡。
However , many areas of the country remained in irish hands and , by the early sixteenth century there were widespread fears in england that english influence was in danger of collapse , both as a result of gaelic incursions and of the progressive incursions gaelicisation of the norman settlers 但是，该国的很多地区仍然掌握在爱尔兰人的手中，到16世纪初，英格兰出现了广为流传的恐惧感，那就是英格兰对爱尔兰的影响有瓦解的危险，这一方面是因为盖尔族人的入侵，另一方面是诺曼底定居者的逐渐盖尔化。
