相对价格

• Exchange rate is a very important tool to indicate the price between different kinds of money ; it plays important part in the international trade and other things . but only consider a kind of exchange rate is not enough , we should pay attention to more and calculate the whole affection
  汇率作为一个国家进行国际往来的重要的综合性指标,它的变动影响着一个国家或者地区进出口商品的相对价格,从而影响其对外贸易,它是调节一国贸易收支的重要杠杆。
• The integration of china and other developing countries into the world trading system is causing the biggest shift in relative prices and incomes ( of labour , capital , commodities , goods and assets ) for at least a century , and this , in turn , is leading to a big redistribution of income
  中国和其他发展中国家融入世界贸易体系正对（劳动力、资本、商品、原料和资产）相对价格和收入造成至少一个世纪以来的最大冲击，这反过来同时又导致了规模巨大的收入再分配。
• Since the martet system and enterprise system are closely related with the division of labour , evolution of the economic system is alse connected with division of labour . the division of labour eventually change the resourse endowment and relative price of production factor that the system depends on . as a result , if only institution evolution fails to meet the need of the constrction of factor endo wment and lacks new division of labour , it wo n ' t lead to economic growth and wo n ' t be widely accepted
  既然市场制度和企业制度与劳动分工息息相关，那么，从整体上看，经济制度的每一步变迁都和劳动分工相联系着，因为劳动分工最终改变了制度赖以存在的资源察赋和生产要素相对价格，单纯的制度变迁如果不符合要素察赋结构的需求且没有新质劳动分工的支撑并不能导致经济增长，其制度本身也难以被普遍认可。
• The key thinking is : a producer could observes the variance of its product price , but he does not know that this is relative price variance or general price . the variance of the relative price change the output , but the variance of the general price would not change the output . rational reaction of the producer is , consider a part of variance is general prices movement , the other part is the relative pric
  其中心思想是：当一个生产者观察到其产品价格的变化之后，他不知道这是其产品的相对价格变化，还是总价格水平的变化。相对价格的变化改变最优产量，而总价格水平的变化不改变产量。该生产者理性的反应是，把这种变化的一部分归于总价格水平的上升，一部分归于相对价格的上升，因而增加一点产量。
• Unfortunately , because this approach fails to deal with the underlying causes of inflation , wage and price controls eventually collapse , the hitherto - repressed inflation resurfaces , and in the meantime , though the policy - makers succeed in avoiding a recession , a frozen structure of relative prices imposes distortions that do damage to the economy ' s prospects for long - term growth
  不幸地是，因为这种方法未能解决通胀的潜在原因，控制最终失效，通胀再次高启，同时尽管避免了衰退，相对价格的固定构架伤害了经济的长期前景。
• The main reasons causing institution disorder are like the following : ( 1 ) the change of the supply chain institution ' s option aggregation , ( 2 ) technology innovation , ( 3 ) the change of other supply chain institution , like economy globalization , ( 4 ) the change of demand of institution , such as the price of element and product in the supply chain fluctuate in the long run
  引起制度不均衡的原因主要有四种： ( 1 )供应链制度选择集合的改变， ( 2 )技术创新与变革， ( 3 )其他制度安排的改变，如经济全球化( 4 )供应链中的要素相对价格的长期变动。在供应链成员之间签订的关系合同中存在着若干自我实施机制，这使得供应链合作关系的建立成为可能。
• First , it puts forward a new concept - " comparative advantage in the sense of com parative utility - price ratio " , which integrates comparative price advantage in the perfect market with non - price advantage in the imperfect market , static comparative advantage w ith dynamic comparative , and traditional comparative advantage with modern competitiv e advantage , and then comes to a conclusion that economies of scale and comparative adv antage theory can not deny but develop the comparative advantage theory
  以这一概念整合了完全竞争市场条件下的相对成本或相对价格优势与不完全竞争市场条件下的非价格优势，整合了静态比较优势与动态比较优势，整合了传统的比较优势与现代的竞争优势。认为规模经济与竞争优势理论不是对比较优势理论的否定，而是对比较优势理论的发展；其次，提出了内生比较优势理论。
• The second part of the dissertation discusses the relationship between property right and transaction cost within the agricultural economic organization in china ' s rural area from 1949 to 1999 as well as the relationship between property right and transaction cost among organizations . it also analyzes the choice and future evolution of agricultural institution and technology under the constraint of factor endowment or relative price
  第二部分论述我国农村自1949 - 1999年农业经济组织内部的产权和交易费用的关系及组织和组织之间的产权和交易费用关系，在要素禀赋或相对价格的约束下，农业制度和技术的选择及发展方向。
• There is an internal mechanism in the institutional changes of shanxi merchant . the organization " effective - ness is the key of the institutional changes of shanxi merchant , and its source is the change of relative price ; the effective institution provides adaptation efficiency to shanxi merchant
  晋商制度变迁有其内在机制，包括：第一，晋商组织的有效性是制度变迁的关键；第二，晋商制度变迁的源泉是相对价格的变化；第三，有效制度为晋商组织提供适应效率。