On the basis of the steady - state semi - empirical model of the tire and the concepts of the relaxation length and the effective slip ratio , a non - steady semi - empirical model to express the tire longitudinal - slip response to the low - frequency input of the transient vertical load and transient slip ratio was presented 摘要在稳态半经验模型的基础上，根据松弛长度和有效滑移率的概念建立了能表达时变垂直载荷及时变滑移率低频输入下的轮胎纵滑特性非稳态半经验模型。
Abstract : according to characters of different research ways , the research development of thermodynamic models of metallic melts is systematically introduced , such as solution model method , geometrical model method , interaction coefficient method , analytical method and experienced model method 文摘:根据不同研究方法的特点,综述了溶液模型法、几何模型法、相互作用系数法、解析计算法以及经验模型法等金属熔体热力学模型的研究进展，并对这些方法进行了简要的评述。
Gully erosion , which is universal on original lands , but also the special forms , for example , hole erosion gravel erosion debris slide and debris flow , which is unusual in loess area , ( 2 ) based on a long - term fixed point experiments in proving ground of the south stackpile , the soil erosion factors have been researched quantitatively , the runoff and erosion affected factors have been made sure and the experiential models of producing water and soil have been taken in newly - constructed stage , early stage and later stage of reclamation 确定南排土场原地貌的水蚀模数为3700 4400t km ~ 2 ? a ；在排土场新造地貌上，击溅、面蚀、细沟侵蚀、浅沟侵蚀、沉陷侵蚀、砂砾化面蚀、土砂泻溜和坡面泥石流等水土流失形式出现频率和发生程度都明显强于原地貌。 ( 2 )以南排土场径流试验场长期的定位观测为基础，对排土场未复垦时期、复垦初期、复垦后期的土壤水蚀影响因子进行定量研究，确定了径流和土壤水蚀的主要影响因子及其临界值，建立了产流产沙的经验模型。
Secondly it analyses relative departments of exploitation of sports tourism . it analyses departments " related quality and change of structure between sports tourism industry and other related industries through the construction of the experience model . thirdly , it puts forward the modes of exploitation of sports tourism products on the basis of former analysis and applies the modes into the practice 其次对体育旅游开发的产业部门关联进行了分析，在构建经验模型的基础上，分析了产业部门的关联性和产业部门结构关联变动；第三，在前述分析的基础上提出了体育旅游产品开发模式，以此模式对中国体育旅游产品开发进行实践指导，并对体育旅游产品的设计与促销进行了分析。
In order to enrich the people ' s understanding of the law of the land use change and provide the rationale and scientific basis , the dynamic mechanism of the occurring and development of the land use change must be illustrated and analyzed quantitatively . it is the premise of establishing the empirical model of regional lucc and one of the directions deepening study of lucc also 为了丰富对土地利用变化规律的认识，并为土地资源可持续利用提供理论基础和科学依据，必须阐明并定量研究土地利用变化发生与发展的动力机制，这也是建立区域土地利用土地覆被变化经验模型的前提，是土地利用土地覆被变化研究不断深化的方向之一。
Because the models are all empirical ones established based on deficit experiment , the application of them should be limited above the low soil moisture of the water deficit experiment according to statistical theory , otherwise the prediction of crop yield by the models may produce considerable error 作物水分响应模型均为按非充分灌溉试验得到的经验模型，按数理统计和应用要求使用时应限制在非充分灌溉试验处理的水分下限值以内，不宜随意外推，否则预测或模拟的作物产量可能会有较大误差。
This thesis has preliminary designed a forest firefighting expert system of existing stand heilongiiang area . it uses wndows 2000 as platform , vsual c - 6 . 0 as tool , sql server as p1atform of accessing data and also reference many advanced expert system technology . the system based on firefighting expert knowledge , used expert system technology to develop a knowledge database a technique database 该系统建立在windows2000平台之上，以visualc + +为工具，以sqlserver为数据存储平台，并考虑国内外一些先进的专家系统的技术建立起来的。该系统是以林火专家知识经验模型为基础，利用专家系统技术，建立了知识库、方法库、模型库及其推理和求解系统。
In this paper , various previous brdf models , which include empirical models , geometrical optics models and theory models , are summarized and their merits and demerits are analysed . both shadowing function and facet distribution function as statistical characters of rough surface are discussed besides simpled fresnel reflectance function 本文首先总结了前人提出的各种目标表面brdf模型? ?经验模型、几何光学模型、理论模型等，分析了这些模型的优缺点，论述了随机粗糙表面几何光学统计特性? ?遮蔽函数、小面元分布函数，简化了菲涅尔反射函数。
The recent researches on observations of h line profile asymmetry in chromospheric flare are reviewed . spectral properties , the corresponding mechanisms of asymmetry , and reproduction of observational spectrum by using semi - empirical atmosphere model are dicussed in detail . at last , the main problems to be solved and further researches are put forward 综述了近年来太阳色球耀斑爆发时h谱线不对称性的研究进展,着重讨论了光谱特征和与其对应的不对称性产生机制,以及利用大气半经验模型再生观测谱线轮廓不对称性等方面,并提出尚待解决的主要问题和进一步的研究方向。
With the thermodynamic theories and techniques , it is relatively easy to determine the phase equilibrium data with enough accuracy , however there still exist much more difficulties in crystallization kinetics study even for a simple binary system . that is the reason that nucleation and crystal growth rate are generally represented in form of the empirical expressions . the crystallization kinetic is important for crystallizer design , process control and optimization , and it is strongly depended upon the accurate characterization of process information concerning with multiphase flows and the further disclose of its mechanisms with suitable mathematical models 热力学理论和方法已足以获得准确的相平衡关系；然而即使对于简单的二元物系的结晶过程，晶核形成和晶体生长动力学的研究仍面临许多困难，通常采用经验模型表述，而动力学参数的准确性和可靠性是结晶器放大设计、过程控制与优化的关键，因此多相流信息的准确表征、结晶机理的进一步揭示及建立起与之相适应的数学模型有着十分重要的学术研究和实际应用价值。
