Equivalent node load can well simulate the effect of prestressing force , and the lost of prestressing force can be well considered by dividing it into two sort . according as the field situation , three - dimensional model was set up to analyze the stress state during building pylons of wenhui bridge with degenerated solid elements 对预应力混凝土桥梁结构空间分析中的预应力效应模拟问题进行了研究，提出了用等效节点荷载来模拟预应力效应、将预应力损失分成两类来考虑，解决了空间分析预应力效应的模拟问题。
The optical manufacturing for off - axis aspheric mirrors has become increasingly challenging for two reasons . the mirrors , in addition to being larger , are more aspheric and off - axis in order to meet the requirement of next generation space camera , which is commonly configured as three - mirror - anastigmat ( tma ) to get both wide fov and high resolution , and the required accuracy is more stringent 近年来，人们提出了“离轴三反消像散” ( tma )结构来满足下一代空间相机“详查”和“宽覆盖”的技术要求，该结构中要求使用三块离轴非球面反射镜，而大口径、高精度离轴非球面反射镜的制造技术是研制tma结构空间相机的主要技术瓶颈之一。
Moreover , some key technologies , such as representation of requirement and clustering , representation of function space and its mapping with space of requirement , representation of a product line structure and its mapping with function space , were studied by corresponding analytical methods including clustering analysis , structure tree , function technique matrix , and product function matrix 采用聚类分析、结构树、功能技术矩阵和?品功能矩阵等分析方法，对相应的关键技术，如顾客需求的表示与聚类、 ?品族功能空间的表示及其与顾客需求空间的映射、结构空间的表示及其与功能空间的映射等进行了深入研究。
( 1 ) for the obvious shortcoming of the traditional method to analyze the existing arch bridge , the finite element method ( fem ) with the software algor12 is used to establish the entire pre - reinforcement and post - reinforcement bridge space fe models respectively according to the character of existing bridge ( 1 )由于传统算法对危旧拱桥计算存在明显不足，本文根据实桥状况，采用大型有限元软件? algor12 ，分别建立加固前和加固后的全桥结构空间有限元分析模型。
Secondly , in term of land use dynamic change model , the amount change of land use , the space structural change of land use , the extent change of land use , area difference of land use and the reason why land use change occurred in the yellow river delta have been fully analyzed 其次依据土地利用动态变化模型，全面分析了1985 ? 12003年间土地利用数量变化、土地利用结构空间变化、土地利用程度变化、土地利用变化的区域差异等，对黄河三角洲地区的土地利用变化及其原因进行了全面、综合的分析。
The land evaluation result ofhandan district show : 19 . 7 % land is unsuitable for agricultural use for soil erosion risk ; 2 . 5 % land is unsuitable for agricultural use for poor soil water condition ; 9 . 5 % land is marginally suitable because water or nutrition condition is not good enough ; 68 . 3 % land is suitable or very suitable for agricultural land use . the third part is the application of soter land information system in land use analysis based on statistical method and clue - s model . through land use analysis in handan , the main type of land use in handan is agricultural land use 土地利用整体结构在1980 - 2000年没有发生太大变化，只是林地上升至第2位形成耕地、林地、草地-城乡工矿居民用地、水域、未利用土地的结构；邯郸地区土地利用结构空间分布研究表明：西部山区土地利用结构为林地、草地、耕地、水域、建设用地和未利用土地；中部丘陵台地区土地利用结构为耕地、草地、建设用地、水域、林地和未利用土地；东部冲积平原区土地利用结构为耕地、建设用地、林地、水域和草地。
The valid xml document has been bound to c + + structure with a new method of the structure - like space that is created from the base of the xml schema describing structure . the direct conversion between structure object and the xml document through calling the general interface functions of marshal ling and unmarshalling in c + + program 那么，在c + +中，只要从xml模式描述结构的基础出发，产生结构的xml模式表示，同时吸取了dom和sax表示xml数据的优点，运用类结构空间的新方法，我们实现了把有效的xml文档绑定到结构。
Moreover , popularizing such system is expected . the following works have been fulfilled within this thesis : first of all , based on the general principle of virtual displacement of nonlinear continuum mechanics , the geometric and material stiffness matrices is presented , several examples show that both of them can give out accurate result 本论文主要完成了以下工作：首先，根据连续介质力学理论构造出的交错桁架结构空间单元的几何刚度矩阵和弹塑性刚度矩阵，算例分析表明这些矩阵能准确地计算出结构的空间二阶效应和空间单元弹塑性杆端力增量，计算结果具有良好的精度。
Analysis system for bridge test ( qljc in chinese ) is an application software specially designed for bridge test to build spatial fem model of bridge structure with beam elements or solid elements , analyze the static and dynamic character of bridge structures , calculate efficiency ratio of load test , pick up the results of observation points and so on 摘要桥梁结构检测分析系统qljc是针对桥梁检测试验分析开发的专用软件，能够建立桥梁结构空间有限元模型，运用实体单元法和空间梁格法进行静动力试验分析、试验荷载效率计算，查取测点位置理论计算值等。
Regard county , district unit of one grade of administrations as unit of counting , carry on land spend multi - level space - time dynamic change study , analyze 1986 - 2001 the land utilizes the quantity change all - sidedly , the land utilizes the space change of structure . through analyze article draw following meaningful conclusion while being above - mentioned : ( l ) district this one year , hit land utilize and take place the change by a large margin , and there are obvious regional differences one year . display it in the following several points concretely : land use pattern change a heavy one field , traffic land used for and cultivated land secondly most , residential area and land used for industrial and mining , utilize ground and forest land again , and water areas rate of change minimum 以县、区级行政单元为统计单元，进行了土地利用多层次时空动态变化研究，全面分析了1986 - 2001年间土地利用数量变化、土地利用结构空间变化、土地利用景观结构动态变化、土地利用程度变化、土地利用变化的区域差异等动态变化过程和土地利用变化规律，并应用数理统计和综合模糊评判方法，利用社会统计软件spss 、数学软件包mathcad9 . 0定量的建立了土地利用变化的驱动力模型和预测模型，运用预测模型对本区土地利用类型进行了预测，并针对各驱动因素的地区差异，进行了驱动力分区。
