Scientists used wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe wmap to capture the cosmic portrait that reveals the afterglow of the big bang , i . e . the cosmic microwave background radiation 科学家利用威尔金森微波各向异性探测器wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe , wmap ，测量来自不同方向的宇宙微波背景辐射，展示了大爆炸后的馀辉。
But wmap , with its ability to resolves slight temperature fluctuations down to millionths of a degree , is still able to detect these minute differences and produces the finest full sky thermogram of the cosmic background 但由于wmap的超高灵敏度仪器可测量低至数百万分之一度的温差，它才能不负所托，得出至今最精细的全天微波背景辐射温度图。
The article analyzes background noise , amplifier noise and detector noise in detail from fixed character of infrared dim - small target image , also processes the infrared image and separates targets from the image 文章主要对红外弱小目标图像中的背景辐射噪声、放大器噪声、探测器噪声进行了详细的定性分析，并对红外图像进行处理，从图像中分离出了弱小目标。
In the beginning , the background radiation was more energetic than gamma rays . following the expansion of the universe , the wavelength of the radiation is also being stretched and is now reaching us in the form of microwaves 在开始时，背景辐射的光子能量极高，波长比伽玛射线更短，随著宇宙的膨胀，背景辐射的波长亦被拉长，最后成为我们现在所见的微波辐射。
By carefully studying the polarity of the background radiation , scientists concluded that the first generation of stars in the universe first ignited to shine at only 200 million years after the big bang , much earlier than expected 经过细心研究宇宙背景辐射的偏振情况，天文学家得出一个惊人的结论，原来第一代的恒星早于大爆炸后2亿年已出现，远早于早前的估计。
According to big bang theory , the early universe is a hot , dense and opaque fluid of electrons and protons . this hot plasma constantly emits , scatters and reabsorbs photons and is the source of the cosmic background radiation 根据大爆炸理论，早期的宇宙主要由电子和质子组成，是一团高密度极端炽热不透光的等离子体，它不断放射散射和吸收光子，是宇宙背景辐射的源头。
The electronic temperature , intensities of all lines and continuous spectra gradually increased with the increment of laser energy , and they got to maximum at different laser energy . our results of copper and aluminum show that there are possibly different thresholds of laser energy to electronic temperature and intensities of emission spectra of laser ablated plasma . at the different environmental gas pressure , spatial emission intensity distribution is explained by the competition among " heat reservoir effect " , " confined effect " and " s hadow effect " 认为cu等离子体羽的发光机制是由电子与粒子的碰撞传能、电子与离子的复合形成的；随激光能量的增加， cu等离子体特征辐射(分立谱) 、连续背景辐射(连续谱) 、电子温度都出现最大值；结合对al的实验结果说明：激光烧蚀金属产生的等离子体，其特征辐射、连续辐射、电子温度可能都存在一定的能量阈值；背景气压对激光烧蚀等离子体谱线的影响，其机理可以认为是“热库效应” 、 “约束效应”及“阴影效应”相互竞争的综合结果。
Much of his work bears on the concept of parallel universes : evaluating evidence for infinite space and cosmological inflation ; developing insights into quantum decoherence ; and studying the possibility that the amplitude of microwave background fluctuations , the dimensionality of spacetime and the fundamental laws of physics can vary from place to place 许多他的工作都含有平行宇宙的概念：评估无限大空间与宇宙暴胀的证据，发展对量子去相干现象的洞察，以及研究诸如微波背景辐射涨落的振幅、时空的维度以及物理的基本定律可随位置而变化的可能性。
Abstract : the reflective characteristics of sea and sky background radiation , which have important effect on the infrared signature from flight vehicle above sea , are studied in the paper . the statistical distribution of wave facet directions is discussed , the effects of randomly riging and falling sea wave on the sea surface radiation and on the sun light reflection are also discussed . calculation methods of irradiance from sea surface radiation and reflected sun light on observation point are derived in the paper . finally a computation example is given , which shows the sea and sky background radiation has important effect on infrared characteristic especially in the front area of a flight vehicle 文摘:研究了对近海飞行体的红外特性有重要影响的海空背景辐射的反射特性.讨论了波浪面起伏随机规律，随机起伏对海面自身辐射及对阳光反射的影响，推演了此种随机起伏波浪面的自身辐射及反射的阳光在观测点形成的辐照度的计算方法.给出的算例结果表明，海空背景对飞行体的红外特性尤其对其前半球的红外特性有重要的意义
