Materials and methods the mouse , golden hamster and human sperm were incubated with endotoxin in different concentration for different time to get capacitation , respectively , and ar was induced by progesterone after capacitation , then the rates of capacitation and ar were detected by chlortetracycline ( ctc ) and hoechst 33258 fluorescent staining method . the medium was with endotoxin in different concentration in sperm - oocyte fusion step during ivf , then the fertilization rate was observed . the 1 - cell , 2 - cell and zona - free 2 - cell mouse embryos were incubated in the medium with endotoxin , then the rate of blastocysts was recorded 方法取小鼠精子10份、金黄地鼠精子6份、人新鲜精液标本10份及人冷冻精液标本9份，分别与不同浓度内毒素共孵育进行体外获能和孕酮诱导的顶体反应，应用金霉素和dna结合的荧光染料hoechest33258双重荧光染色法检测精子的获能率和顶体反应率；小鼠体外受精实验的精卵结合环节培养液中加入不同浓度的内毒素，观察受精情况并记录受精率；取小鼠1 -细胞胚胎、 2 -细胞胚胎和去卵透明带2 -细胞胚胎，与不同浓度内毒素共孵育进行体外培养，观察体外发育情况并记录囊胚率。
In order to study the characteristics of the stepped spillway overflow comprehensively and seek for the measure to increase the energy dissipation of the stepped spillway at large unit discharge , the method of turbulence numerical simulation and model test are used to study the stepped spillway overflow . in view of the curved free water surface , complicated boundary condition and turbulence flow , it very difficult to simulate the stepped spillway overflow 为了对阶梯溢流坝面流场特性进行全面的研究，同时探求在大单宽流量下提高阶梯溢流坝消能率的措施，本文采用紊流数值模拟与实验相结合，数值计算为主、实验为辅的研究方法对阶梯溢流坝面流场进行了较系统深入的研究。
The main contents are as follows : in order to finish this work well , the author collected the basic parameters of water cushion in china and foreign countries , and analyzed the questions and shortcoming in the designing of cushion in domestic and abroad , and summarized the design experiment of xiao wan hydraulic power station and ertan hydraulic power station in china , finally the main controlling design parameters of baishan water cushion , that is the allow dynamic impact water pressure and unit water consumed energy rate were asserted 具体内容如下：为了做好白山水垫塘设计，本文通过收集国内外水垫塘设计的基本参数，分析水垫塘设计存在的问题及不足，总结国内小湾、二滩工程的经验，确定白山水垫塘设计主要控制参数即允许动水冲击压力及水垫塘单位水体消能率。
For two up and down plunging jets , an optimization model is introduced according to maximum energy dissipation . in this model , the exit angle of jet is first considered actually . the optimal computation of the energy dissipation between two impinging jets in xiao - wan project demonstrates that this model is reasonable too ; 6 对于上、下双股挑流水舌，以碰撞消能率为优化目标，首次考虑了出口水舌的坦化影响因素，建立了优化数学模型，并通过对小湾拱坝坝身表、中孔水舌的碰撞计算，认为所提出的数学优化模型是可用的； 6
In the paper the initial iocation and dimension of step are studied from which we get the conclusion tha the energy dissipation is highcr if the initial location is at the curve section of l / 2 height of the spillway top and the dimension gap of neighbor step is bigger , the energy dissipation is higher 通过对阶梯溢流坝的过渡阶梯的起始位置和具体尺寸的试验研究。得出过渡阶梯的最佳起始位置约在坝顶曲线段1 2高度处且相邻阶梯的尺寸相差较大时，所得的消能率较高。
The ultimate carrying capacity , fracture process and stress - strain relationship on rock generic material are studied with dissipation structure theory in this paper , which shows the essence of mechanical characteristics on rock generic material can be studied deeply from the point of view of system and energy 研究结果表明岩石类材料变形系统具有耗散结构的特性，岩石受力产生变形是非线性动力学过程，即系统内部各要素之间发生协调和相干效应，岩石承载力（强度）是外界做功功率和岩石自身耗散能率达到平衡的外在力学表现。
Taken the bank spillway at yubeishan reservoir as an example , the water loads acted on the spillway , such as static water pressure , dynamic water pressure , shear stress on the surface of the step and so on , are calculated , which can provide evidence to the stability analysis of the dam slope and slope protection 并以万县鱼背山水库岸边溢洪道为例，计算了溢洪道上所受的水流荷载及其分布，为土石坝坡和护面的稳定分析提供了依据。通过计算证实了既使在较大的单宽流量下，缓坡上的阶梯仍有较高的消能率。
In order to increase the energy dissipation of stepped spillway at iarge unit discharge , the integhty dissipater of aerated splitter pier and steppe characteristics is studied . because of verticaj diffhaion now by aerated splitter and impachng steppe 3 by drop flow , the air concentration and the energy dissipation efficiency are greatly increased ; the potentiality of cavitations is decrease . in special at large unit discharge , this effect is more obvious 掺气分流墩的增加，明显地改善了阶梯面上的压强分布，消除或减小了阶梯凹角内和立面上部的负压；由于掺气分流墩使水流纵向扩散以及挑流落下后在阶梯上的撞击，使水流的掺气浓度和消能率都得到较大的提高，降低了阶梯面空蚀的可能性，特别是在大单宽流量时，这种效果更为明显。
In order to deeply study the characteristics of overflow and seek for the measure to increase the energy dissipation of the stepped spillway at large edt discharge , the method of model test and theory analyze are used to study the stepped spillway oveffiow the typical velocity field of oveffiow is measured using the laser doppler anemometer and the mechbosm of the energy dissipation is analyzed 为了进一步深入研究阶梯溢流坝坝面水力特性，同时探求在大单宽流量下提高阶梯溢流坝消能率的措施，本文主要采用物理模型试验和理论分析相结合的方法对阶梯溢流坝坝面水力特性进行了较为系统的研究。首次采用了激光多普勒测速仪对阶梯溢流坝的典型速度场进行了详细测量，分析了阶梯溢流坝的消能机理。
