According to the engineering practice , the theoretical basis and method that survey directly the horizontal distance and height difference by the total station system as fourth grade and below fourth grade control network are put forward instead of surveying slant distance and zenith distance 摘要根据工程实践，提出了用全站仪直接测量平距、高差来代替测斜距、天顶距作四等及四等以下控制网测量的理论依据和方法，并以张河湾抽水蓄能电站施工控制网为例进行了比较计算。
Some features of the engineering control network demand special applications of gps in road and bridge engineering , for example , particular requirement of accuracy on some aspect that results in distribution of net points and sometimes bigger height difference of points , consideration of staking out in construction in the design of engineering control network , application of independent engineering coordinate system , and use of engineering mean height surface as the projection surface of computation 由于工程控制网的一些自身特性，如施工控制网要考虑施工放样的方便，或某一方面精度的特定要求，网点分布不够均匀，点间高差有时较大；采用工程独立坐标系，并且往往以工程平均高程面为计算投影面等等，使得gps在路桥工程中的应用也有一些特殊性。
Thirdly , in term of the results of testing and calculation , the displacement and libration , the difference of altitude , the flexibility and strain of crane - beams are all generally analysed , especially the reason why the crane - beams are attaint is lucubrated , and the reasons why the trigging pole is ruptured , the upper wingspan is damaged , the orbital movement , the exceptional incline of colums are open out , which has instructional significances that improve the design of the steel frame of the coke made by dry flameout 第三，根据检测和计算结果，对钢框架的位移和振动、框架高差、吊车梁挠度和应变等进行了全面的分析，特别对吊车梁系统的损伤原因进行了深入分析，揭示了制动杆件断裂、上翼缘磨损、轨道窜动、柱异常倾斜等一系列损伤现象的原因，对于改进干熄焦钢框架的设计有着直接的指导意义。
It is found that cyclic loading at high differential stress level will lead to the decrease of felicity ratio , and the value max can be decreased by some crack systems in specimen . there is still a lot of ae during unloading at high differential stress level , which implies that the deformation is dominated by fracturing at low differential stress level , and the deformation by frictional sliding increases greatly at high differential stress level 关于应力方式对岩石破裂的影响，发现较高差应力水平下的多次循环加卸载会使felicity比减小；某些构造能使岩石产生felicity效应的应力门槛值_ ( max )降低；由高差应力水平下卸载时仍有大量声发射产生推测：在低差应力水平下，破裂以裂纹尖端的突然扩展为主；在高差应力水平下，沿已有的裂纹面的滑动破裂大量增加。
This area is facing river and backing mountain , it has a broad view , based on the design concept of sharing this natural view to every family , the designer has design the buildings facing river to 11 + 1 and 18 + 1 tall dwelling building , and the buildings against the mountain is designed as 28 + 1 or 32 + 1 tall dwelling building , in the same time , the ? rst or ? 1 story ( height difference ) is made hollow , so to enlarge the relatively narrow center square , but also it improves the landscape 小区东面临江，西面靠山，有着极其开阔的景观视野，本着尽量让每户都能共享这一天然景观资源的设计理念，设计将临江面的建筑设计为11 + 1及18 + 1的小高层住宅，靠山面的建筑设计成28 + 1或32 + 1的高层住宅，同时建筑的一层或负一层（高差关系）做架空层，即增大了本来相对狭窄的中心广场尺度，又起到了“借景”的作用。
By using both the prediction model from transportation ministry and the fhwa models , the prediction results were analyzed for high ways at different sections , different design speeds , detection points , traffic volumes , distances , heights , and at various other road conditions . the prediction results and the actual results were compared and the accuracy of prediction were assessed 本文通过比较分析了fhwa预测模式和交通部预测模式在高速公路不同监测路段、设计时速、测点、车流量、距离、高差、地面状况条件下的预测结果，并对预测结果和实测结果进行预测精度和变化趋势的比较研究。
This article links to the plant no . 6 project , studying the measure of pressure reduction and energy removal of large caliber and long distance water delivery pipe in big difference of elevation and topographical form area . the writer gives new measure of pressure reduction and energy removal , according to the theory of pressure reduction and energy removal , planning a composite energy removal construction , and put to use effectively in many water supply projects . it is the first example that people use concrete construction to remove high pressure in large caliber and long distance water pipe in china 本文结合西宁市第六水源工程，对高差大、地形地貌复杂地区大口径长距离输水管道消能减压措施进行了研究探讨，提出了全新的减压消能方案，根据减压消能原理，自行设计出了综合式消能构筑物，并应用于多项输水工程中，效果良好，成为国内首例采用钢筋混凝土构筑物消除大口径长距离输水管道较高压力的案例。
By the geometry parameters analysis , it was pointed that the distance between the outside annular and the most outside annular should be required to ensure the structure ' s stiffness ; with the increase of height h between the inside annular and outside curve equation , the stiffness would be enhanced ; when the h became very big , the structure presented the linear character , so the structure was n ' t easy to yield ; the sizes of long axis and short axis had the important influence to the structure ' s nonlinear performances and with the increase of span ; the structure presented the strong nonlinear character , contrarily the structure presented the linear character 对结构几何参数分析表明，外圈与最外圈距离r的尺度应有一定要求，以保证结构的刚度；随着内圈与外圈曲线方程高差h的增大，刚度会得到提高；当内外高差较大时，结构呈现出线性特性，因此结构不易发生屈曲现象；外椭圆长短轴的尺度对结构非线性性能的影响十分敏感，随着跨度的增加，结构表现出强非线性特征，反之结构呈现线性特征。
( 三 ) under the dynamic load of the explosion , the numeric analysis has been done and achieve the rule as follow : ( 1 ) when the frequency of vibration is 0 . 3hz , the acceleration of the slopes top gets the maximum ; so 0 . 3hz is believed the natural frequency of the slope as a whole ; ( 2 ) the vibration of explosion can been magnified because of the condition of the landform , when the relative altitude is up to 45m , the acceleration of horizon gets the maximum ; when the relative altitude is up to 100m , the absolute value of acceleration and the deformation of horizon is larger than that in the bottom of the slope ; ( 3 ) in the period of forced vibration , at the top of the slope , the acceleration of horizon become larger and larger ; at the middle part of the slope , it becomes smaller ; ( 4 ) when the explosion velocity of is much little , the shallow part destruction is the primary deformation of the slope (三)采用模态叠加法针对爆破动力作用，进行边坡的动力响应分析，得出了以下结论： ( 1 )振动频率为0 . 3hz时，坡面顶部水平向加速度峰值最大；综合考虑，可认为该边坡的自振频率为0 . 3hz左右； ( 2 )地形对爆破地振动存在放大作用，研究剖面的坡面，水平向加速度及位移在地形相对高差45米左右最大，而后随相对高差的增高而减小，相对高差为100米时，水平向位移及加速度绝对值均大于坡脚； ( 3 )强迫振动段，水平向加速度值随时间变化的规律为：坡顶节点总的变化趋势是越来越大，而坡体中部节点的变化趋势是越来越小； ( 4 )当爆破振速较小时，变形破坏的形式表现为坡顶表面滑塌型。
Jinggangshan boasts a large area of mountains with rich vegetation . the streams enjoy a strong flow and a great drop ; therefore , within the scenic zone there are over 100 waterfalls , grand and marvelous . the landscape of the eighteen giant waterfalls of five large pools , attracts thousands of visitors from home and abroad . located in subtropical monsoon climate zone , jinggangshan is abundant in precipitation 在两级地形分界处，相咫尺之地往往相对高差达四五百米，地势急转直下，一落千丈，著名的五大哨口就屹立在地势转折地带的险山要隘上，旧时进出井冈山中心- -茨坪的五条主要山道即在此险道之中。
