The standard big bang theory says the universe began with a massive explosion , but the new theory suggests it is a cyclic event that consists of repeating big bangs 标准的大霹雳理论认为，宇宙起始于一次巨大的爆炸，但新的理论认为是连续的大霹雳形成一个周期的事件。
We have a snapshot of the universe as it was 400 , 000 years after the big bang ? the cosmic microwave background radiation ? as well as pictures of individual galaxies a billion years later 我们已拥有宇宙在大霹雳40万年后光景的快照：宇宙微波背景辐射，与大霹雳10亿年后星系个体的影像。
For instance , sensitive infrared observations have spotted giant galaxies just a couple of billion years after the big bang , which is early by cosmological standards 例如天文学家利用灵敏的红外线观测，已经确认了几个在大霹雳数十亿年后就形成的巨大星系，以宇宙的标准来说算是较为早期的。
According to current theories , processes early in the big bang spread matter around with a degree of randomness , generating all possible arrangements with nonzero probability 根据目前的理论，早在大霹雳时发生的一些过程，会把物质以相当程度的随机性加以散布，因此所有可能的排列组合都会有非零的或然率产生。
If one imagines running the clock backward in time , any given region of the universe shrinks and all galaxies in it get closer and closer until they smash together in a cosmic traffic jam ? the big bang 不妨想像一下，将时间的流向倒转，于是宇宙中的每块区域都越缩越小，所有星系越来越靠近，直到挤在一起，造成宇宙大塞车这就回到了大霹雳。
Furthermore , if the expansion had been accelerating , two key aspects of the early universe ? the pattern of cmb variations and the abundances of light elements produced seconds after the big bang ? would not agree with current observations 再者，若膨胀一直都在加速，那麽cmb的异向性变化，和在大霹雳之后数秒所生成的轻元素含量，这两项早期宇宙的关键宇宙学预测，也会悖离现今的观测。
Bumble - umble - um - bum - bum - bum - bum - and the thunder would go rumbling and grumbling away , and quit - and then rip comes another flash and another sockdolager . the waves most washed me off the raft sometimes , but i hadn t any clothes on , and didn t mind 然后喀嚓一声，呼隆隆呼隆隆呼隆隆雷声在滚动，一直滚向远处，才逐步消失紧接着，唰的一下，来了个大闪，跟着是一个惊天动地的大霹雳。
According to this paradigm , the early history of the universe ? that is , until about six billion years after the big bang ? was an era of cosmic fireworks : galaxies collided and merged , powerful black holes sucked in huge whirlpools of gas , and stars were born in unrivaled profusion 根据这样的说法，大霹雳后60亿年内的早期宇宙乃是处处充满火花的时代：星系相互碰撞与合并，威力强大的黑洞像漩涡般吸入大量气体，恒星则以惊人的速率大量诞生。
Topics include : planets , planet formation ; stars , the sun , " normal " stars , star formation ; stellar evolution , supernovae , compact objects ( white dwarfs , neutron stars , and black holes ) , plusars , binary x - ray sources ; star clusters , globular and open clusters ; interstellar medium , gas , dust , magnetic fields , cosmic rays ; distance ladder ; galaxies , normal and active galaxies , jets ; gravitational lensing ; large scaling structure ; newtonian cosmology , dynamical expansion and thermal history of the universe ; cosmic microwave background radiation ; big - bang nucleosynthesis 课程的主题包含了：行星、行星形成；恒星、太阳、正常的恒星、恒星形成；恒星演化、超新星、致密天体(白矮星、中子星及黑洞) 、波霎、双x -射线源；星团、球状及疏散星团；星际介质、气体、尘埃、磁场、宇宙射线；距离阶梯；星系、正常及活跃星系、喷流；重力透镜；大尺度结构；牛顿宇宙学、宇宙的动力膨胀及温度发展历史；宇宙背景微波辐射；大霹雳核合成。
The big bang model , which states that almost 14 billion years ago the universe started expanding from a state of extremely high density and temperature , is able to explain galaxy motions , the abundance of hydrogen and helium , and the properties of the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) , the remnant heat from the expanding and cooling gas 大霹雳模型指出，宇宙于约140亿年前自极度高温、高密度的状态开始扩张，这理论不但可以解释星系运动以及宇宙中氢与氦的含量，而且还预测了宇宙扩张时，冷却中气体的残馀热辐射，也就是宇宙微波背景的各项性质。
