To a large extent , the institutional innovations lowered technological innovation cost and production cost as well in longgang , thus - , lowering entrepreneurs " production cost and citizens " living cost 这些技术创新和制度创新为龙港城市化提供了原动力，使得龙港无论是从创新层面来讲，还是从商品生产角度来讲，相对于周边地区如螯江和钱库等地，其创新成本和生产成本都相对较低的。
And the latter is the extension and development of the former , the collective economy is a strong backbone of household production , realized the second leap for the agriculture to lay the system foundation and the market main body foundation 第一个飞跃是第二个飞跃的基础，家庭承包经营制把农户塑造成为自主经营、自负盈亏的独立商品生产者和经营者，为农业实现第二个飞跃奠定了制度基础和市场主体基础。
After our state - owned enterprises completed two jumps : from plan draft production to market draft production , then from single production to scale economic operation , gradually they step on the third jump : from product operation to capital operation 我国国有企业在先后完成了由产品生产转向商品生产、单一生产型转向生产运营型的“两次跳跃”后，正逐步上升到更高的层次，将实现“第三次跳跃” ，即资本运营。
The analyzing method of the global commodity chain , which emphasizes the internal relationship between the commodity manufacture and distribution , is a systematic analyzing framework that helps to understand the change of industrial relationship from the macroscopy to microscopy 强调商品生产和分配过程内在联系的全球商品链分析方法,可以作为理解当前这种从宏观到微观的产业空间联系变迁的一个系统分析框架。
Specialty of price and arithmetic of model based on market economy rule are designed . electricity market user demand forecasting , power corporation costs calculating , mathematic modeling of timed price and the model programming are the main parts of the paper 分时电价建模思想是将电能作为商品、把电力公司作为现代企业，以商品生产规律和市场经济规律为基础，从电力公司商业运营角度来考虑电价的时空特性和计算方法。
With the continuing development in the market of property and the establishment of modern enterprise system , it becomes increasingly clear that in market economy , an enterprise , as merchandise producer , is also a kind of merchandise , which can be appraised and sold on market 随着现代企业制度的建立和产权市场的不断发展，人们日益清楚地认识到，在市场经济条件下，作为商品生产者的企业本身也是一种商品，可以在市场上进行估价和买卖。
Therefore , only when the ceiling price that is based on the evaluation of utility is higher than the floor price that is based on the recovery of the costs , can be the exchange possible . through the exchange , the producer get producers " surplus and the buyers get consumer " surplus 因此，只有当以效用评价为基础产生的最高限价高于以收回成本为基础形成的最低底价时，交易才有可能达成，而此时商品生产者得到生产者剩余，购买者得到消费者剩余。
The crime of manufacturing or selling fake and inferior commodities means the manufacturers or the sellers breach the supervision laws and regulations intentionally to manufacture or sell fake and inferior commodities and these dangerous acts leads to great harms to the consumers 生产、销售伪劣商品罪是指生产者、销售者故意违反国家商品生产与销售的监督管理法规,在产品中掺杂、掺假,以假充真,以次充好或者以不合格产品冒充合格产品,具有较大危害的行为。
