As we all know , aim and function interact as both exterior and interior , so i immediately analyse functions of appeal in order to further understand it , that ’ s , safeguarding justice , safeguarding unified application of law , creating law and providing channels for people involved in the case to relieve their resentment 目的和功能是互为表里的,所以本文紧接着从上诉审的功能层面对上诉审制度进行了再认识,分别是保障司法公正的实现、保障法律的统一适用、造法和提供私人不满的消释渠道。最后集中分析上诉审审级制度设置原理。
The thesis is divided into five parts to reach the problem of the trial of law . the first part of the thesis is the principle part , it expounds the trial of law ’ s definition , characteristics and history ; the second part is the study of function , and expounds the differences between law problem and fact problem in legal case , the study deepens the understanding of the trial of law 第一部分为原理论,阐述了法律审的概念、特征及历史发展;第二部分的功能论则从诉讼中法律问题和事实问题的划分上研究法律审的重要性,并从法律审在案件的不同审级中的运作样态角度来揭示法律审的功能,从而深入了对法律审的认识。
In view of the disadvantages in chinese civil system of court of second instance being that of last instance , the author think china should stick to the system of court of second instance being that of last instance , on the precondition of this , the system of court of third instance being that of last instance can be supplemented to realize the goal of justice , efficiency and economy 五是再审程序的大量启动使二审终审制名存实亡。鉴于我国二审终审民事审级制度存在的弊端。笔者认为，按照诉讼公正、效率和效益原则的要求，我国审级制度改革的方向应该是在坚持二审终审制的前提下，应辅以有限的三审终审制。
The diversity of different countries " court system is directly reflected as the diversity of the appeals system . hence this chapter discusses the principle of judicial hierarchy and points out that the key factor in establishment of the court system is the convergence between justice and efficiency . therefore , the court of first instance shall decide the iss 由于各国审级制度的差异实际上直接体现为上诉制度的差异，因此，本章专门探讨了审级制度的建构原理，指出设立审级制度，关键是要在诉讼公正与诉讼效率两者之中找到一个平衡点，达到合理程度，使其既能最大限度地维护公正，又能最大限度地达到诉讼的高效率。
In the application of criminal supervision procedure regard , we should perfect the legislation on subject of complaint cause of appeal , period of petition for retrial , mode of appeal , in order to set up litigious right of action in supervision procedure ; on the reform of the judicial mechanism in the retrial , we should enhance jurisdictional rank of retrial and increase transparence of retrial hearing , we should define the time limit for retrial and implement the system of court of first instance being the final in the retrial 在再审程序启动机制上，完善再审申请主体、申请理由、申请期限、申请方式等制度规范，建立再审申请之诉；在再审审判机制改革中，应提高再审管辖审级、增加审理程序透明度、严格规范审理期限，并实行再审一审终审制。
The principle abolished the prescribed rule which restrict judge on judging evidence and leaved evidence valuing entirely to judge ' s logos . but logos have characters of universality and particularity . to avoid valuing evidence personally , it ' s essential to build a restrict system 程序性性制约的制度包括证据能力制度、证明标准、判断理由公开制度以及上诉制度;法官制度即主体性制约的制度，则包括严格的法官任职资格、法官的终身制与高薪制、法官弹幼制度以及法官回避制度、合议制、多级审级制。
The implementation of this system for more man ten years clearly shows that the multi - channel institution of retrial does not produce the desired effects . the present retrial system modelled itself mainly on that of the former soviet union , its operation in china gives rise to more state intervention than individual disposal , more layman recognised truth than truth recognised by law , seeking justice in substantial law more than legal procedure , and finally brings about " numerous applicants , unlimited lapse of time , high frequency , confused jurisdiction , unmethodical causes of action " 现行民诉法实施十多年的司法实践表明发动再审程序主体的多元性并没有产生预期的效果，由于现行的民事再审主要是参照前苏联模式，在再审程序的启动上，强调国家干预权，忽视当事人处分权；在事实认定上，追求客观真实，忽视法律真实；在纠错上，注重实体公正，忽视程序公正；从而导致在实际操作中出现了启动再审的“主体无限、时间无限、次数无限、审级无限、理由或条件无限”的不良现象。
By so doing , the completeness of the civil procuratorial rights can be kept and the incorrect judgments and decisions by the courts can be corrected in time . ( b ) the people ' s procuratorates should have the right to protest against not only those that have taken effect but also these civil judgments that have not taken effect yet so as to lower the procedural costs . ( c ) it is important to prescribe clearly that the cases being protested by the procuratorates should be retried by the people ' s court that accepts such protests , ( d ) it is necessary to broaden and perfect the ways in which civil procuratorial supervisions are carried out and make it a st andard legal practice for the procuratorial organs to take legal proceedings , take part in the proceedings and raise procuratorial suggestions 一是民事检察监督的形式过于单一，仅规定了人民检察院对人民法院确有错误的民事判决、裁定有权提出抗诉这一种监督方式，除此之外并未规定其他的监督途径；二是民事检察监督的范围过于狭窄，仅规定对已经发生法律效力的判决、裁定有权提出抗诉，而对未发生法律效力的判决、裁定能否监督未作规定，不仅如此，最高人民法院还不断地作出司法解释，对检察机关可以抗诉的民事裁定的范围逐步加以限制；三是基层人民检察院没有抗诉权，使大量案件集中在市级以上人民检察院；四是人民检察提出抗诉后，案件由哪一级人民法院再审，未作明确规定，造成了审级上的混乱。
In addition , despite regulations on protest against effective court decisions , exercise of supervision in the form of protest is still riddled - with difficulties as a result of lack of clarification on issues essential to fully function of the protest system such as transfer of documents for review , protest and trial level 另外，虽然在《民事诉讼法》中对生效裁判的抗诉制度作了规定，但是对确保抗诉制度正常运作的调卷审查，抗级审级等问题未予明确，以致使抗诉监督的实施困难重重。
Thirdly the thesis detailed to discuss the contents of the local judicial institution reform which includes the judicial levels and jurisdiction institution judicial supervision institution litigation and judicial adjudication institution . through comparing the new judicial institution with the old traditional judicial institution , the thesis wants to analyze the advantage and disadvantage of the reform 第三，文章详细论述奉天地方审判制度改革的内容，对审级权限制度、审判监督制度和诉讼裁判制度进行考察，并将其同中国传统的审判制度进行比较，分析新制度的优劣。
