In order to spread risks , balance out fluctuations and stabilize operations , an insurer must pass part risks and liabilities over its underwriting capacity to other insurers . it was the demands of risk spread and loss allocation that straight gave birth to reinsurance 为了分散风险、均衡业务、稳定经营，保险人需要将超过自身承受能力的一部分风险和责任转嫁给其他保险人分担，这种对“分散风险，分摊损失”的需求直接导致了再保险的产生。
Directors and officers liability insurance refers to a system by which the directors and officers ( including directors , supervisors , managers , etc . ) transfer the risk of taking the responsibility of compensation for the company ' s or others " ( including shareholders , creditors , etc . ) economic damages they made in work by fault to insurance companies . the insurance companies take the responsibility according to the insurance contract 公司董事及高级职员责任保险，是指公司董事及高级职员(包括董事、监事、经理等) ，将其在行使职权时因过错行为而导致公司或第三者(股东、债权人等)遭受经济损失依法应承担赔偿责任的风险转嫁给保险公司，由保险公司按保险合同约定来承担赔偿责任的制度。
On the one hand the exterior atmosphere that four great banks open is not good , making financial risk in four greatest banks worse , threatening the financial safety . the probability of the current world financial crisis occurrence enlarges , while chinese macro economy shows difference from that in the breakout of asia financial crisis , thus world financial crisis strengthening its infection to china 目前，危胁与考验中国金融安全的四大银行的金融风险有两个来源：一是四大银行开放面临的外部风险。当前世界性金融危机发生的可能性增大，对中国的传染性增强；国内财政风险增大并可能转嫁给四大银行。
This appeared to support the hypothesis that the rational response of firms under a macroeconomic policy centred on price instead of exchange rate stability tended to perceive any changes in costs as transitory and likely to be offset by exchange rate movements , and therefore generally to refrain from immediately passing increases or decreases in them on to consumers 这项分析结果似乎印证了以下的假设：在以价格稳定而不是汇率稳定为目标的宏观经济政策下，企业的理性反应倾向认为成本变动只属暂时性，并可能会被汇率变动所抵销，因此它们一般都不会立即把成本的升降转嫁给消费者。
