habenula造句

• Both the medial and lateral habenula show reduced volume in those with depression.
• New research suggests that lateral habenula may play a crucial role in decision making.
• Reward information to the lateral habenula comes from the internal part of the globus pallidus.
• The habenula was traditionally divided into lateral ( limbic ) and medial ( motor ) parts.
• Input to the medial habenula comes from a variety of regions and carries a number of different chemicals.
• These cells accompany neurites at the habenula perforata, the opening through which neurites extend to innervate hair cells.
• Species that possess a photoreceptive parapineal organ show asymmetry in the epithalmus at the habenula, to the left ( dorsal ).
• Recent evidence suggests that neurons in the lateral habenula signal signed information-prediction errors in addition to signed reward-prediction errors.
• The medial habenula sends outputs of glutamate, substance P and acetylcholine to the periaqueductal gray via the interpeduncular nucleus as well as to the pineal gland.
• The habenula receives input from the brain via the stria medullaris thalami and outputs to many midbrain areas involved in releasing neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.
• In lower vertebrates ( lampreys and teleost fishes ), mitral cell ( principal olfactory neurons ) axons project exclusively to the right hemisphere of the habenula in an asymmetric manner.
• Derivatives of the diencephalon also include the dorsally-located epithalamus ( essentially the habenula and annexes ) and the perithalamus ( prethalamus ) containing the zona incerta and the thalamic reticular nucleus.
• Neurons in the lateral habenula are  reward-negative as they are activated by stimuli associated with unpleasant events, the absence of the reward or punishment especially when this is unpredictable.
• The lateral habenula functions to oppose the action of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus in the acquisition of avoidance responses but not the processing of avoidance later on when it is a memory, motivation or its execution.
• IpRGCs project to areas of the brain that are important for regulating circadian rhythmicity and sleep, most notably the lateral habenula, and subparaventricular nucleus further implicating light s possible influence on mood and other cognitive functions.
• The outputs of the lateral habenula target dopaminergic regions ( substantia nigra pars compacta and the ventral tegmental area ), serotonergic regions ( dorsal raphe nuclei ), and a cholinergic region ( the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus ).
• Deep brain stimulation of the major afferent bundle ( i . e ., stria medullaris thalami ) of the lateral habenula has been used for treatment of depression where it is severe, protracted and therapy-resistant.
• TASK 3 is coexpressed with TASK 1 ( KCNK3 ) in the cerebellar granule cells, locus coeruleus, motor neurons, pontine nuclei, some cells in the neocortex, habenula, olfactory bulb granule cells, and cells in the external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb.
• The habenular nuclei are involved in pain processing, reproductive behavior, nutrition, sleep-wake cycles, stress responses, and learning . and single unit electrophysiology have closely linked the function of the lateral habenula with reward processing, in particular with regard to encoding negative feedback or negative rewards.
• Matsumoto and Hikosaka suggested in 2007 that this reward and reward-negative information in the brain might " be elaborated through the interplay among the lateral habenula, the basal ganglia, and monoaminergic ( dopaminergic and serotonergic ) systems " and that the lateral habenula may play a pivotal role in this " integrative function ".