The expression of calculating the horizontal difference in temperatures t is provided . the equation of the super - length tall buildings with the temperature distribution is formulated , and also the relevant solving strategies are provided 给出了超长高层建筑结构在各种温度作用下温度变形、温度内力(应力)的数值范围、分布状况及在对比模型中各构件中温度内力、变形的变化情况,从中找出减小结构温度内力的方法。
Basing on the exergy analysis of the evaporation system the links which losing exergy most was found . the external losing exergy mainly concentrated in the consumption of second - degree vapor . the internal losing exergy mainly caused by the difference in temperature of heat conduction and concentrated heat 在对蒸发系统(火用)分析基础上,找到系统(火用)损的主要环节,即二次蒸汽的消耗引起的外部(火用)损、有效传热温差和浓缩热引起的内部(火用)损。
The thermal wave nondestructive testing technology based on emissivity of the object , it can find surface and subsurface flaws in the composites of airplane through measuring difference in temperature between flaws and materials by active heating methods and inspection system 摘要红外热波无损检测基于物体的热辐射特性,利用主动加热技术,通过相关的检测系统记录试件表面缺陷和基体材料由于不同热特性引起的温度差异,进而判定飞机复合材料表面及内部的损伤。
While the method of lagrange was used to optimize the system , the optimized flow was gained . the flow was appended jet pump behind the first effect and the second effect . by this means , the second - degree vapor was improved and internal losing exergy caused by the difference in temperature of heat conduction and concentrated heat was reduced 采用拉格朗日乘子法对氯化铵回收的三效降膜蒸发系统进行经济优化,得出三效降膜蒸发系统优化流程,即采用在第一、二效后增加热泵和真空蒸发的方法,提高了二次蒸汽的品位能,减少了由于传热温差和浓缩热引起内部(火用)损。
Cable - stayed bridge , difference in temperature , shrinkage and creep sophisticatedly affect the course of its construction . after closure , with the strength of concrete , the adjustable range of internal force and configuration is narrow . so , rigorous control of construction is the guarantee of achieving design objective 斜拉桥,施工过程中由于受温差、收缩、徐变等因素影响,再加上混凝土的强度不高,成桥后内力和线形可调的范围都较小,对施工过程的严格控制是实现设计成桥目标的保证。
The productions include : 1 . the investigation of crackss of masonry structures , the characteristic and the reason on cracks of wall ; 2 . the limited element analysis about datum of brick - wall the relation between the maximal stress in wall and the relative sedimentation of foundations , the relation between the cracks form in wall and inner stress , the validity of limited element mode ; 3 . the limited element analysis about the relative sedimentation of foundations , the influence of ratio of length and height , foundations rigidity , groundsill rigidity on the inner stress in wall ; 4 . the limited element analysis about the influence of temperature on wall cracks and the influence of space between extension cracks , difference in temperature on the inner stress in wall ; 5 . the analysis about the cracks rule because of temperature , the contrast between the result and the simulant result ; 6 . the study about the influence of cracks of masonry structures because of constriction stress , the experience of dealing with constriction cracks in the domestic and the foreign ; 7 . the advice of avoiding cracks because of the asymmetric sedimentation temperature , constringency in design and construction 本研究结合实际工程中的砌块建筑普遍存在的裂缝问题,参照砖墙裂缝调查研究的成果,针对我省的砌块应用状况,进行了充分的调研,并查阅大量的文献资料,总结了砌块建筑墙体裂缝的特点和规律,通过对温度裂缝、沉降裂缝的有限元分析和经验公式的对比,深入的探讨了墙体开裂的影响因素,结合各地实际工程经验,在对混凝土砌块墙体在材料、设计、施工等方面进行系统的理论分析、综合研究的基础上,给出开裂的防治方法,促进混凝土砌块在我省的推广应用,为相关规范的编制提供理论依据和经验分析,主要研究成果有: 1砌块砌体开裂的调查研究,墙体开裂的特点和原因总结; 2有限元分析砖墙实测数据,揭示了墙体内最大主应力和地基相对沉降量的关系及墙体开裂形态与内部应力的联系,并且验证了有限元模型的有效性; 3
The interactions between heat flux density , vapor pressure , vapor velocity and the coefficient of heat transfer for condensation in tube , the coefficient of heat transfer in total are investigated . the relationships between heat flux density and the total difference in temperature , the difference of temperature , pressure drop of vapor from the entrance of the tube to the exit are investigated as well 考察了冷却水流量、温度恒定条件下热流密度、蒸汽压力、蒸汽流速对冷凝传热膜系数及总传热系数的影响关系,同时考察了总传热温差、蒸汽进出口温差及压差随热流密度变化的关系。
( 2 ) the stress caused by heat of hydration during construction is mainly distributed in the beams , and girders and stress in slab was smaller ; during service process , the stress caused by difference in temperature in different seasons is mainly distributed in bottom components ; the stress caused by difference of inside and outside temperature is mainly distributed in peripheral components of building ; the stress caused by difference in temperature due to sunlight is mainly distributed in the components exposed to the sun . ( 3 ) the control methods brought forward such as setting the reasonable stripping time reducing cast temperature of concrete setting after - treatment joint inflicting prestress arranging steel for construction requirement and so on are effective and their application may be extended 在使用期,由季节温差作用引起的结构内力主要分布在底层构件上;由内外温差引起的内力主要分布在建筑物外围构件上;由日照温差引起内力主要分布在向阳面的构件上; ( 3 )在施工阶段,可采取使用导热性能较好的模板、合理设计拆模时间、降低浇筑温度等措施来减小水化热引起的结构内力;采用设置后浇带的措施来减小结构在整体降温情况下产生的温度内力。
Taking the lest total internal losing exergy for target function , the distribute of difference in temperature among the three - effect is also acquired . an experimental device for three - effect falling - film evaporation was designed and constructed . the experiments of potassium carbonate solution was finished under different temperature of vapor and different input material liquid volume 建立了三效降膜蒸发的实验装置,以碳酸钾溶液为原料进行了不同加热蒸汽温度、不同进料量的实验研究,得到了实验设备的(火用)损分布,并研究了各部分损失的(火用)及有效利用的(火用)值与加热生蒸汽温度与进料量的关系。
Evaporative cooling has been regarded as a new cooling technology on hydro - generator , and it not only could increase the ratio of material utilization and reduce the difficulties of making large - scale hydro - generators , the running difference in temperature , the stress of the generator ' s stator and the possibilities of the incidental occurrences , but also has better performance than internal water cooling 蒸发冷却作为水轮发电机的一种新型冷却技术,不仅可以提高材料利用率,减小特大型发电机制造难度,降低发电机定子绕组运行温差和发电机定子的应力,减少事故隐患,更重要的是蒸发冷却比水内冷具有更好的优越性。